In Central Sulawesi, Napu valley and Lindu Lake (Indonesia), Schistosoma are spread in the host snails (Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis). In the present work, the influence of ecological factors on the spreading of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae infection in the snails were analyzed. The Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snails were collected and analyzed by ring method in the form of graphs and matrices. The results showed that, the ecological environment and such as temperature, pH, humidity, light intensity, dissolved oxygen, and salinity, as well as food, have significant effect on the increase of cercariae infected snails. These results also reflect that Schistosomiasis is still a health problem that could potentially be re-emerging diseases, especially in those areas and therefore much interesting must considered to break their cycle in nature.

Abstract. Sutrisnawati, Ramadhan A, Trianto M. 2022. Molecular identification of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma japonicum from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5989-5994. Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis, intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma japonicum. The spread of O. hupensis lindoensis snail habitat was found in the three areas of the Napu, Bada, and Lindu Highlands with an infection rate above 1%. Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis  is primarily cryptic species that are morphologically difficult to identify and distinguish from other species. Consequently, it can be confused with the naming of species. One of the molecular approaches that can be used to identify the Oncomelania spp. quickly and accurately is DNA barcoding using the COI mitochondrial gene. However, the research on identifying Oncomelania spp. in Indonesia is still very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify six Oncomelania spp. from Napu and Lindu, Central Sulawesi using COI mitochondrial gene as a molecular marker for DNA barcoding. The method used in this study was a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with universal primers, LCO-F and HCO-R. The data obtained were then analyzed using GeneStudio, DNASTAR, BLAST, Identification Engine, Mesquite, MEGAX, and BEAST. The analysis was conducted to obtain similarity, genetic distance and reconstruct a phylogenetic tree. The result revealed that all six samples of Oncomelania spp. collected from Napu and Lindu were identified in one species, namely Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. This research is very important to be carried out regularly periodically so that it can be used as a basis for Schistosomiasis control program data and related sectors to eradicate snails effectively, efficiently, and on target.

This study aims to develop an ebook that is integrated with a Learning Management System (LMS) to improve students' metacognition skills. The research uses the ADDIE development model (Assumption, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research data were obtained from 40 students who filled out the questionnaire and took the pretest and posttest. The effectiveness of the ebook on improving metacognitive skills used N-Gain analysis and to determine the difference between the experimental and control classes, a T-test was performed, using One Group Pretest and Post-test Design. The results showed that ebook development was very good. The development of ebooks integrated with LMS can significantly improve students' metacognitive abilities. Thus, this study recommends that lecturers use ebooks that are integrated into the learning management system so that learning can run effectively to improve students' metacognitive abilities.

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Daun pare dan kunyit mengandung seyawa-seyawa kimia seperti flavonoid dan kurkumin yang berperan sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak daun pare (Momordica charantia L.) dan kunyit (Curcuma longa) terhadap penurunan kadar kreatinin darah tikus (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi dengan karbon tetraklorida (CCl4) dan pemanfaatan nya sebagai media pembelajaran. Penelitian menggunakan eksperimen laboratorium dengan pola rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Sebanyak 18 ekor tikus jantan diberi perlakuan. Kelompok (Kn) merupakan kelompok tanpa perlakuan, (K-) hanya diinduksi CCl4 secara per oral, (P1) diberi kombinasi ekstrak daun pare dan kunyit konsentrasi 10%, (P2) diberi kombinasi ekstrak daun pare dan kunyit konsentrasi 20%, (P3) diberi kombinasi ekstrak daun pare dan kunyit konsentrasi 40%, dan (P4) diberi kombinasi ekstrak daun pare dan kunyit konsentrasi 80%. Data dianalisis dengan ANAVA menggunakan program STAT-27. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pemberian kombinasi ekstrak daun pare dan kunyit terhadap penurunan kadar kreatinin pada tikus. Konsentrasi kombinasi ekstrak daun pare dan kunyit yang optimal menurunkan kadar kreatinin pada tikus yang diinduksi CCl4 yaitu pada konsentrasi 80%. Dan hasil penelitian ini layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran dalam bentuk poster.