Flashing of high temperature, pressurized slurry within hydrometallurgical processing circuits is a commonly encountered multiphase flow scenario, which can lead to catastrophic equipment failure and serious operational problems if not designed correctly. The current work aims to shed light on the state of the art modelling and experimentation, important physical phenomena, and recent operational experience surrounding this problem. In addition, recommendations will be provided for future modelling and experimental efforts in order to direct research into avenues that provide valuable information for engineers designing piping and vessels where the flashing of high pressure slurry occurs.

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Recent results from CFD modelling of a waste gas boiler (WGB) to predict Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions are presented. A verification / validation discussion is highlighted comparing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling with field measurements of NOx and flame characteristics. Challenges associated with the accurate prediction of NOx emissions are discussed along with the ability of CFD to accurately model emissions from an industrial scale WGB.