SUMMARYThe calls of five syntopic species of Neoconocephalus varied significantly in their spectral composition. The center-frequency of the narrow-band low-frequency component varied from 7kHz to 15kHz among the five species. Hearing thresholds, as determined from whole nerve recordings, did not vary accordingly among the five species but were lowest in the range from 16kHz to 18kHz in all five species. Iso-intensity response functions were flat for stimulus intensities up to 27dB above threshold, indicating an even distribution of the best frequencies of individual receptor cells. At higher stimulus intensities, the intensity/response functions were steeper at frequencies above 35kHz than at lower frequencies. This suggests the presence of a second receptor cell population for such high frequencies, with 25-30dB higher thresholds. This receptor cell population is interpreted as an adaptation for bat avoidance. The transmission properties of the Neoconocephalus habitat (grassland) had low-pass characteristics for pure tones. Frequencies below 10kHz passed almost unaffected, while attenuation in excess of spherical attenuation increased at higher frequencies. Considering these transmission properties and the tuning of female hearing sensitivity, call frequencies of approximately 9-10kHz should be most effective as communication signals in this group of insects. It is discussed that the frequency of male calls is strongly influenced by bat predation and by the transmission properties of the habitat but is not strongly influenced by the tuning of the female hearing system.

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Highlights We report three cases of focal aware seizures presenting as unilateral abdominal clonic motor movements. One of these cases is the first seizure manifesting as unilateral abdominal clonic motor movements with simultaneous intracranial electrode recording in the literature, and demonstrates the utility of intracranial EEG in the diagnosis. The symptomatic zone of seizures presenting as unilateral abdominal clonic motor movements is felt to be in an anatomically restricted area of the abdominal region of the motor homunculus. A careful clinical history is important in the assessment of this seizure type, and the diagnosis is ideally established with video-EEG.

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