Surowce mineralne i naturalne surowce energetyczne powinny być w większym stopniu zastępowane przez surowce wtórne pozyskane z odpadów poużytkowych i poprodukcyjnych, których ilość nieustannie wzrasta. Postulaty te są podstawą programu Wspólnoty: Zero Waste for Europe. Koncepcja gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym powinna być również wdrożona w sektorze kolejowym w celu zapewnienia właściwego zagospodarowania odpadów oraz zapewnienia oszczędności energii i odzysku materiałów. W artykule przedstawiono kierunki działań technologicznych, mające zapewnić rozwój jednocześnie chroniąc środowisko i zasoby naturalne. Procesowi recyklingu powinny podlegać między innymi wyeksploatowane drewniane podkłady kolejowe impregnowane olejem kreozotowym powodujące największe problemy środowiskowe. Opisano zasady stosowania i wymagania dotyczące drewnianych elementów nawierzchni kolejowej nasycanych olejem kreozotowym. Przedstawiono także czynniki utrudniające kompleksowe podejście do recyklingu tych wyrobów. Scharakteryzowano procesy termicznego rozkładu odpadów organicznych metodą termolizy oraz właściwości pozyskanych produktów z wyeksploatowanych drewnianych podkładów kolejowych.
Selected paths of research on the manufacturing of carbon materials have been presented, focusing on two prospective technologies: the production of hexagonal carbon from the gaseous phase and the carbonization/graphitization of organic materials. Present and prospective applications of carbon materials and a mechanism of carbonization/graphitization of high-molecular organic materials have been presented. The importance of post-consumer waste as a raw material for obtaining carbon materials for various applications has been emphasized.
The results of the study on the morphology of carbon char produced by carbonization of IR – SBR elastomer, the commonly used for vehicle tires material, have been presented against the background of known carbonaceous materials. The genesis of the second generation of carbon materials has been presented. Four recognized morphological forms of the studied carbon char have been characterized. Three of them belong to the family of cellular carbons with a turbostratic structure and an extended specific surface area. The fourth isolated morphological form has a non-porous lamellar structure and is characterized by the properties, which are untypical for the known forms of carbon char, such as: hydrophobicity, strong light absorption, and a supposed tendency to oscilla-tion under the influence of exposition on light.
Th e paper presents directions for ensuring development while protecting the environment and natural resources. Mineral raw materials and natural energy resources should be replaced by secondary raw materials from post-consumer and postproduction waste, which is constantly increasing. Th ese demands are the basis of the Community program: Zero Waste for Europe. Th e circular economy concept should also be implemented in the rail sector to ensure proper waste management as well as energy savings and material recovery. Th e recycling process should include, among others, depleted wooden railway sleepers impregnated with creosote oil, which cause a great environmental problem. Th e principles of application and requirements for wooden railway elements impregnated with creosote oil are discussed. Th ere are also factors that impede a comprehensive approach to recycling of the products concerned. At the same time, methods for the thermal decomposition of organic waste by thermolysis and properties of the obtained products from old wooden railway sleepers are characterized.
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