Auxin gradients are established and maintained by polarized distribution of auxin transporters that undergo constitutive endocytic recycling from the PM (plasma membrane) and are essential for the gravitropic response in plants. The present study characterizes an inhibitor of endomembrane protein trafficking, TE1 (trafficking and endocytosis inhibitor 1/TENin1) that reduces gravitropic root bending in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Short-term TE1 treatment causes accumulation of PM proteins, including the BR (brassinosteroid) receptor BRI1 (BR insensitive 1), PIP2a (PM intrinsic protein 2a) and the auxin transporter PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2) in a PVC (pre-vacuolar related compartment), which is sensitive to BFA (Brefeldin A). This compound inhibits endocytosis from the PM and promotes trafficking to the vacuole, consistent with inhibition of retrieval of proteins to the TGN (trans-Golgi network) from the PVC and the PM. However, trafficking of newly synthesized proteins to the PM is unaffected. The short-term protein trafficking inhibition and long-term effect on plant growth and survival caused by TE1 were fully reversible upon drug washout. Structure–activity relationship studies revealed that only minor modifications were possible without loss of biological activity. Diversity in Arabidopsis ecotypes was also exploited to identify two Arabidopsis accessions that display reduced sensitivity to TE1. This compound and the resistant Arabidopsis accessions may be used as a resource in future studies to better understand endomembrane trafficking in plants.

In the implementation of fintech lending services, it cannot be denied that there is a possibility of default by one of the parties. In particular, the lender has a greater risk, namely the risk of default due to the failure of the loan recipient to perform his / her performance. Therefore, legal protection is needed for lenders to create a sense of security and create legal certainty. The issues discussed in this study are how the legal protection for lenders (lenders) in the implementation of Financial Technology when there is a default and how to resolve disputes in the implementation of Financial Technology for lenders (lenders). The results of this study are that one of the legal protections for lenders is also regulated in Article 29 of the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 77 / POJK.01 / 2016 concerning Information Technology-Based Lending and Borrowing Services, including the Principle of Transparency, fair treatment, reliability, confidentiality, and data security and user dispute resolution in a simple, fast and affordable manner and the Operator is obliged to provide compensation to the party that has been injured due to the Operator's mistake or negligence.DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/mlj.v2i1.6255