No abstract

In-sewer stability of illicit drug biomarkers has been evaluated by several reactorbased studies but less has been done in sewer pipes. Experiments conducted in sewer pipes have advantages over lab-scale reactors in providing more realistic biomarker stability due to the flow and biological dynamics. This study assessed the transportation and transformation of seven illicit drug biomarker compounds in a pilot-scale rising main and a gravity sewer pipe. Biomarkers presented diverse stability patterns in the pilot sewers, based on which a drug transformation model was calibrated. This model was subsequently validated using transformation datasets from literature, aiming to demonstrate the predictability of the pilot-based transformation coefficients under varying sewer conditions. Furthermore, transformation coefficients for five investigated biomarkers were generated from four studies and their prediction capabilities under the pilot sewer conditions were jointly assessed using performance statistics. The transformation model was successful in simulating the in-sewer stability for most illicit drugs. However, further study is required to delineate the sources and pathways for those compounds with potential formations to be simulated in the transformation model. Overall, the transformation model calibrated using the pilotsewer data is a credible tool for the application of wastewater-based epidemiology.

Controlling pumping frequency at sanitary pressure mains is an effective tool for reducing overall sulfide generation.

Our society relies greatly on a variety of critical infrastructures (CI), such as power system networks, water distribution, oil and natural gas systems, telecommunication networks and others.Interdependency between those systems is high and may result in cascading failures spanning different infrastructures. Behavior of each CI can be observed and analyzed through the use of domain simulators, but this does not account for their interdependency. To explore CI interdependencies, domain simulators need to be integrated in a federation where they can collaborate. This paper explores three different simulators: the EPANET water distribution simulator, the PSCAD power system simulator and the I2Sim infrastructure interdependency simulator. Each simulator's modeling approach is explored and their similarities and differences between modeling approaches are determined. Core ontology for each simulation engine is created as well as initial mapping between them.Ontologies and their mapping will support collaboration of simulators by enabling exchange of information in a semantic manner.