The COVID-19 pandemic caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is currently a main public health problem worldwide. The clinical symptoms relate primarily to the respiratory system but may also involve multiple organs. The course of COVID-19 in children is usually mild, but in some cases may cause late complications, particularly the pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS-TS). One of its symptoms may be acute kidney injury. We present a 10-year-old boy who developed nonspecific symptoms a few weeks after mild COVID-19, including weakness, weight loss, and polyuria. Clinical evaluation revealed acute renal failure secondary to acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN). Treatment with glucocorticoids resulted in rapid clinical and laboratory improvement. We hypothesize that the development of ATIN could be causally related to COVID-19 in an immune pathomechanism similar to PIMS-TS. The case provides new insights into possible complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection and indicates the need for renal follow-up after COVID-19.

Introduction and purpose of the work: The mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux disease depends on reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of reduced tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. It presents itself in the form of symptoms coming from the esophagus, e.g. heartburn, as well as from outside of it. The aim of this paper is to collect and present current knowledge on gastroesophageal reflux disease as well as diagnosis and treatment through a review of the available literature.    Brief description of the state of the art:  Gastroesophageal reflux disease affects 18.1 - 27.8% of the US population and 8.8 - 25.9% of the European population. It is defined as the presence of troublesome symptoms or complications of reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The etiology consists of many factors, such as improper diet, and low physical activity. The disease can manifest itself with symptoms from and outside the esophagus. Diagnosis is based primarily on the history, and in the presence of typical symptoms, therapy with proton pump inhibitors is initiated. Endoscopy and reflux measurement is used when there is no response to pharmacotherapy. The basic drugs are proton pump inhibitors, other drugs are complementary to the basic therapy. A lifestyle change is also recommended. Surgical treatment is an alternative, but it may not be a permanent solution. Other treatments include endoscopic incisionless fundoplication and radiofrequency treatment of the lower esophageal sphincter.    Summary:  Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease begins with an interview with the patient and empirical pharmacotherapy. If treatment is ineffective, endoscopy and pH measurement are performed. Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective drugs in the treatment of the disease, other drugs are used as a supplement. Surgical and endoscopic procedures are an alternative to chronic pharmacotherapy.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a Gram-negative spirochete that causes Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis). The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease are a consequence of the immune response to spirochete in soft tissues, and it is debated if said immune response can become an autoimmune disease of the body over time due to bacterial and HLA/MHC molecular mimicry. Continual Lyme Disease (CDL) also known as Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) is a broad group of rapidly appearing flu-rash symptoms and cognitive difficulties combined with chronic fatigue that is observed after at least six months after completing treatment. This review contains scientific collections throughout the last 10 years of studies related to alleged post-infection auto-immunogenicity.

Background. Cushing's syndrome (Cs) is a disorder caused by excess cortisol production. it is three times more often seen in female than male patients, and overall, it is observed in 2-3 per million/year. in nearly 70% of cases, this is due to a pituitary tumour secreting adrenocorticotropic hormones. the first-line approach to treat these cases is the surgical removal of the tumour. however, in nearly a quarter of cases, this proves ineffective. these patients should be then treated with pharmacotherapy, while untreated Cs may be lethal. the most numerous groups of pharmaceutics in Cs treatment are steroidogenesis inhibitors. Objectives. the purpose of this article is to review the latest publications from 2015 to 2022, which state the medical approach with steroidogenesis inhibitors to inoperative Cs, the advantages, as well potential burdens and adverse effects of this pharmacological treatment. Material and methods. a review of literature regarding adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors was performed using the PubMed database; the search terms Cushing's syndrome, inoperative, ketoconazole, levoketoconazole, metyrapone, mitotane, etomidate, and osilodrostat were applied. Results and conclusions. this review states the current data pertaining to the effectiveness of hypercortisolaemia treatment, as well as the potential adverse effects of ketoconazole, levoketoconazole, metyrapone, mitotane, etomidate, osilodrostat -steroidogenesis inhibitors currently used in the therapy of nonoperative Cushing's syndrome.