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This paper describes the genesis, the principle of operation and characteristics of selected radio-navigation positioning systems, which in addition to terrestrial methods formed a system of navigational marking constituting the primary method for determining the location in the sea areas of Poland in the years 1948–2000, and sometimes even later. The major ones are: maritime circular radiobeacons (RC), Decca-Navigator System (DNS) and Differential GPS (DGPS), as well as solutions forgotten today: AD-2 and SYLEDIS. In this paper, due to its limited volume, the authors have omitted the description of the solutions used by the Polish Navy (RYM, BRAS, JEMIOŁUSZKA, TSIKADA) and the global or continental systems (TRANSIT, GPS, GLONASS, OMEGA, EGNOS, LORAN, CONSOL) - described widely in world literature.

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There are numerous diverse papers that have addressed issues within maritime safety, safety at sea, navigational safety and safety in general; to date there has been no comprehensive review of definitions of these terms. This paper reviewed the definitions on safety in three key areas: maritime safety, safety at sea and navigational safety, and interventions to make navigation and shipping safer. In the paper the authors also deal with issues related to risk analysis and risk management in maritime transport.

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