No abstract

Advances in distributed generation and increased contribution of renewable energy source (RES) require development of smart grid technologies. Smart metering systems, as a part of smart grid technologies, in cooperation with modern buildings equipped with building management system allows for improvement of energy efficiency. It is possible to partially cover the power demand of a building from the local RESs. However, in order to ensure maximum added value, energy management system (EMS) is essential. This article presents the project and practical implementation of an EMS implemented in smart-meter. The designed system is based on an original algorithm using fuzzy logic. The rule base was created in FCL language and the implementation was carried out in C++ with the object-oriented programming (OOP). For the efficiency rating indicator, peak-to-average ratio (PAR) was selected. This ratio depending on the daily load profile decreased within a range from 15 to 54%, and the average value was 30%. The proposed energy management algorithm helps to reduce energy consumption at peak demand by 34%, with the total reduction of energy consumption during the day of 7%. The described solution demonstrates a potential for real implementation and was tested in hardware.

Cutting-edge building energy management systems (BEMS) interact with heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, which generally account for much of the energy consumption. Major attention is focused on the BEMS themselves, barring on-field equipment. In HVAC equipment, sub-optimal controller settings may lead to energy losses and user discomfort, for instance, due to oscillations of air temperature and fan speeds. The way to solve this problem could be to replace classical PID controllers with an alternative concept that does not require tuning and works optimally for a wide range of parameters. This paper compares a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with a standard PID for a model-based simulation of an HVAC system in Simulink for different conditions using real building measurement data. The end result is the implementation of the developed methods in a newly designed universal control board for air handling units (AHU). The proposed FLC achieves better integral control quality indicators (IAE, ISE, ITAE, ITSE) by at least 27.4%, and smaller supply air temperature variation; the daily mean square error (MSE) was reduced by an average of 36%, which leads immediately to better occupant comfort and a presumed reduction in energy consumption. Compared to the untuned PID, energy consumption was 12.7% lower; this will ensure improved economy from the lowest level, and paves the way for interoperability with high-level energy management schemes.

The paper presents an attempt to use game theory to voltage regulation by controlling the transformer's taps. The receiver is an industrial process for which it is necessary provide stability of the supply voltage, regardless of changes in the grid. Appropriate formulation of payouts for playes(agents) resulted in finding the optimal solution, based on Nash's equilibrium under both constraints: minimizing voltage error and minimizing the number of tap switching operations. The Gambit software and Python programming language were used. Streszczenie.´Ẃ pracy przedstawiono próbę wykorzystania teorii gier do regulacji napięcia poprzez sterowanie odczepami transformatora. Odbiornikiem jest proces przemysłowy, dla którego konieczne jest zapewnienie stabilnosci napięcia zasilania, niezależnie od zmian w sieci. Własciwe okreslenie wypłat dla agentów (graczy) zaowocowało optymalnym rozwiązaniem, wykorzystując równowagę Nasha przy uwzględnieniu warunków: minimalizacja błądu napięcia i minimalizacja wykorzystania przełącznika zaczepów. Wykorzystano oprogramowanie Gambit i język Python. (Zastosowanie teorii gier w inżynierii elektrycznej na przykładzie sterowania zaczepami transformatora)