BackgroundThe inappropriate secretion of adipocytokines plays a critical role in chronic inflammatory states associated with obesity-linked type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. The pleiotropic actions of simvastatin and pioglitazone on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) are unknown. This study assessed the anti-inflammatory actions of simvastatin and pioglitazone on EAT in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsA total of 73 patients with multivessel CAD who underwent elective bypass grafting were non-randomly allocated to one of four subgroups: Control (n = 17), simvastatin (20 mg/day, n = 20), pioglitazone (15 mg or 30 mg/day, n = 18), or simvastatin + pioglitazone (20 mg/day + 30 mg/day, respectively, n = 18); 20 valvar patients were also included. EAT samples were obtained during surgery. The infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes and cytokines secretion were investigated using immunohistochemical staining and compared to plasma inflammatory biomarkers.ResultsSimvastatin significantly reduced plasma interleukin-6, leptin, resistin and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p < 0.001 for all); pioglitazone reduced interleukin-6, tumoral necrose factor-alpha, resistin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (p < 0.001 for all). Simvastatin + pioglitazone treatment further reduced plasmatic variables, including interleukin-6, tumoral necrose factor-alpha, resistin, asymmetric dimethylarginine and metalloproteinase-9 vs. the control group (p < 0.001). Higher plasma adiponectin and lower high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations were found simultaneously in the combined treatment group. A positive correlation between the mean percentage systemic and tissue cytokines was observed after treatments. T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages clusters were observed in the fat fragments of patients treated with simvastatin for the first time.ConclusionsPioglitazone, simvastatin or combination treatment substantially reduced EAT and plasma inflammatory markers in CAD and MS patients. These tissue effects may contribute to the control of coronary atherosclerosis progression.
ResumoObjetivO. Relatar a extensão do conhecimento de pediatras de São Paulo sobre a diretriz. MétOdOs. Durante eventos de pediatria ou nos locais de trabalho, pediatras responderam um questionário contendo informações sobre o tempo de formação, local de trabalho, dedicação dentro da área de pediatria, atuação em área acadêmica e questões de múltipla escolha com informações retiradas da diretriz. As diferenças de expressão e associações foram consideradas significantes estatisticamente quando p<0,05. Todas as análises foram realizadas usando teste de Quiquadrado e teste de Quiquadrado de tendência linear por meio dos Softwares Primer of Biostatistics ou SPSS for Windows. ResultadOs. Dos 370 pediatras entrevistados, 65,7% afirmaram não ter tido conhecimento prévio da diretriz. O valor de corte para os acertos foi maior ou igual a 70% (maior ou igual a cinco questões corretas). Apenas 136 pediatras (36,7%) alcançaram tal valor e dentre esses não havia relação no conhecimento da diretriz quanto aos sexos (p=0,25). Dos 187 profissionais envolvidos em atividades acadêmicas, 45 (24%) acertaram o valor de corte e dos 183 não participantes de atividades acadêmicas, 23 (12,7%) acertaram maior ou igual a cinco questões (p<0,001). Pediatras do setor público apresentaram melhor conhecimento da prática preventiva da aterosclerose (46,1%; p=0,01). O desconhecimento da diretriz foi independente do tempo de formação. COnClusãO. A meta da diretriz de servir como referência para o estabelecimento de estratégias individuais e populacionais no controle dos fatores de risco para a aterosclerose desde a infância não foi alcançada na cidade de São Paulo. A divulgação mais adequada e cursos de educação médica continuada em que o conhecimento da diretriz se torne mais efetivo são sugeridos para corrigir tais achados.unitermos: Prevenção primária. Aterosclerose. Criança. Adolescente. Diretrizes para o planejamento em saúde. desCOnheCiMentO da diRetRiz de pRevençãO da ateROsCleROse na infânCia e adOlesCênCia pOR pediatRas eM sãO paulO
Cannabis sativa has a fascinating history and has been used by mankind for millennia. Many societies such as Greek, Roman, Chinese, African, Indian and Arabic take advantage of the plant's qualities, which are consumed as food, medicine, fuel, fibers or tobacco. The first reference found related to the therapeutic use of the plant data from 2700 B.C. and is present in the pharmacopoeia of the Chinese Emperor Shen-Nung, where this plant was recommended in the treatment of malaria, rheumatic pain, in irregular and painful menstrual cycles. The book “De Matéria Médica”, written by the doctor Pedânio Dioscórides considered thefounder of pharmacology, exposes Cannabis as one of the natural substances that can relieve inflammatory pain. In Brazil, African slaves brought a cannabis during the colonial period, around 1549. Then, its use spread quickly among black slaves and Indians, who started to cultivate it. Once the plant was popularized among French intellectuals and English doctors in the Indian imperial army, it started to be considered in our country as an excellent medicine for men, until it was suppressed by the police authorities in the 1930s. Only 60 years later important findings were highlighted around Cannabis with the System Endocannabinoid and its receptors, neurotransmitters such as anandamide and 2-AG, revolutionizing the understanding of molecular signaling that modulates pain and analgesia, inflammation, appetite, gastrointestinal motility and sleep cycles, immune cell activity and hormones among others.We are in front of a huge revolution in the therapeutic area, in which phytocabinoids represent one of the great therapeutic options of the century. We need a widespread disclosure that CBD is not marijuana and that its use for recreational purpose has nothing to do with the use of medical cannabis. Scientific research is seriously committed to the use of the substance in various pathologies. The role of information is absolute, being the main tool to clarify a society.
Um indivíduo pode mudar sua posição no espaço e aplicar forças mecânicas no ambiente porque há movimento de seus músculos (contração muscular) e geração de força. A partir de fenômenos elétricos, os potenciais de ação e as fibras musculares se contraem. O conhecimento dos processos fisiológicos que envolvem a unidade motora é o ponto fundamental para os estudos eletromiográficos. Pela eletromiografia, os fisioterapeutas podem avaliar a integridade neuromuscular de seus pacientes e, com isso, estabelecer o tratamento correspondente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar as interações neuromusculares por meio da eletromiografia do músculo reto femoral saudável, para propor um protocolo experimental que vem demonstrar, na prática, toda a interação neuromuscular, auxiliando graduandos em fisioterapia a compreender a teoria da fisiologia do controle motor.
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