Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important regulators of gene transcription thus controlling multiple cellular processes. Despite its essential role in plants, HDA6 is yet to be validated in common bean. In this study, we show that HDA6 is involved in plant development and stress response. Differential expression of HDA6 was determined in various tissues and the expression was seen to be upregulated with plant age (seedling < flowering < maturity). Higher expression was observed in flowers and pods than in stem, leaf, and root. Upregulation of HDA6 gene during cold stress implies its prominent role in abiotic stress. Furthermore, the HDA6 gene was isolated from three common bean genotypes and sequence analyses revealed homology with functionally characterized homologs in model species. The 53 kDa translated product was detected using an HDA6 specific antibody and recombinant protein overexpressed in Escherichia coli showed HDAC activity in vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the agriculturally important crop common bean describing the functional characterization and biological role of HDA6.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in plant growth, development, and defense processes and are one of the primary causes of epigenetic modifications in a genome. There was only one study reported on epigenetic modifications of the important legume crop, common bean, and its interaction with the fungal rust pathogen Uromyces appendiculatus prior to this project. We measured the total active HDACs levels in leaf tissues and observed expression patterns for the selected HDAC genes at 0, 12, and 84 hours after inoculation in mock inoculated and inoculated plants. Colorimetric analysis showed that the total amount of HDACs present in the leaf tissue decreased at 12 hours in inoculated plants compared to mock inoculated control plants. Gene expression analyses indicated that the expression pattern of gene PvSRT1 is similar to the trend of total active HDACs in this time course experiment. Gene PvHDA6 showed increased expression in the inoculated plants during the time points measured. This is one of the first attempts to study expression levels of HDACs in economically important legumes in the context of plant pathogen interactions. Findings from our study will be helpful to understand trends of total active HDACs and expression patterns of these genes under study during biotic stress.

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The share of couples who cohabit prior to marriage has increased over time. Among marriages that took place between 2015 and 2019, three quarters were preceded by cohabitation, up from only one-third in the mid-to-late 70s . This shift in behavior has been accompanied by a shift in attitudes toward cohabitation. Using Monitoring the Future data, this profile examines change in high school seniors' attitudes toward cohabitation as a testing ground for marriage from 1976 to 2020. This measure is based on agreement or disagreement (neutral responses are not shown) with the statement "It is usually a good idea for a couple to live together before getting married in order to find out whether they really get along." This profile updates previous profiles on high school seniors' attitudes toward cohabitation using the most recent available data , and is a companion profile to High School Seniors' Expectations to Marry, 2020 (FP-22-04).

The share of couples who cohabit prior to marriage has increased over time. Among marriages that took place between 2015 and 2019, three quarters were preceded by cohabitation, up from only one-third in the mid-to-late 70s . This shift in behavior has been accompanied by a shift in attitudes toward cohabitation. Using Monitoring the Future data, this profile examines change in high school seniors' attitudes toward cohabitation as a testing ground for marriage from 1976 to 2020. This measure is based on agreement or disagreement (neutral responses are not shown) with the statement "It is usually a good idea for a couple to live together before getting married in order to find out whether they really get along." This profile updates previous profiles on high school seniors' attitudes toward cohabitation using the most recent available data , and is a companion profile to High School Seniors' Expectations to Marry, 2020 (FP-22-04).