Based on examination of 622 specimens of Gymnophiona, 15 species are recognized for Brazilian Amazonia. Geographical variation in characters is low and is mainly restricted to the number of annuli. One new species is described, Microcaecilia rochai sp. nov. New distribution data and maps for most species are provided. A key to the identification of caecilians of Brazilian Amazonia is presented.

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Brasilotyphlus is rediagnosed in light of the discovery of a second species of the genus, B. guarantanus sp. nov., in the municipality of Guarantã do Norte, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The new species differs from B. braziliensis mainly in annular counts, having 151–170 primaries and at most 2 secondaries (instead of 142–147 primaries and 23–36 secondaries).

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We describe a new species of Amphisbaena based on a single specimen collected in the northern Brazilian Cerrado,municipality of Loreto, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The new species is characterized by presenting a unique combinationof characters including: absence of precloacal pores, body annuli 306, caudal annuli 21, autotomic site in the eighth postcloacal annulus, dorsal sulci absent, 10 dorsal segments and 14 ventral segments in a midbody annulus.