The geographic distribution of Bornean orang-utans and its overlap with existing land-use categories (protected areas, logging and plantation concessions) is a necessary foundation to prioritize conservation planning. Based on an extensive orang-utan survey dataset and a number of environmental variables, we modelled an orang-utan distribution map. The modelled orang-utan distribution map covers 155,106 km2 (21% of Borneo's landmass) and reveals four distinct distribution areas. The most important environmental predictors are annual rainfall and land cover. The overlap of the orang-utan distribution with land-use categories reveals that only 22% of the distribution lies in protected areas, but that 29% lies in natural forest concessions. A further 19% and 6% occurs in largely undeveloped oil palm and tree plantation concessions, respectively. The remaining 24% of the orang-utan distribution range occurs outside of protected areas and outside of concessions. An estimated 49% of the orang-utan distribution will be lost if all forest outside of protected areas and logging concessions is lost. To avoid this potential decline plantation development in orang-utan habitats must be halted because it infringes on national laws of species protection. Further growth of the plantation sector should be achieved through increasing yields in existing plantations and expansion of new plantations into areas that have already been deforested. To reach this goal a large scale island-wide land-use masterplan is needed that clarifies which possible land uses and managements are allowed in the landscape and provides new standardized strategic conservation policies. Such a process should make much better use of non-market values of ecosystem services of forests such as water provision, flood control, carbon sequestration, and sources of livelihood for rural communities. Presently land use planning is more driven by vested interests and direct and immediate economic gains, rather than by approaches that take into consideration social equity and environmental sustainability.

Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources is increasingly affecting the highly biodiverse tropics [1, 2]. Although rapid developments in remote sensing technology have permitted more precise estimates of land-cover change over large spatial scales [3-5], our knowledge about the effects of these changes on wildlife is much more sparse [6, 7]. Here we use field survey data, predictive density distribution modeling, and remote sensing to investigate the impact of resource use and land-use changes on the density distribution of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Our models indicate that between 1999 and 2015, half of the orangutan population was affected by logging, deforestation, or industrialized plantations. Although land clearance caused the most dramatic rates of decline, it accounted for only a small proportion of the total loss. A much larger number of orangutans were lost in selectively logged and primary forests, where rates of decline were less precipitous, but where far more orangutans are found. This suggests that further drivers, independent of land-use change, contribute to orangutan loss. This finding is consistent with studies reporting hunting as a major cause in orangutan decline [8-10]. Our predictions of orangutan abundance loss across Borneo suggest that the population decreased by more than 100,000 individuals, corroborating recent estimates of decline [11]. Practical solutions to prevent future orangutan decline can only be realized by addressing its complex causes in a holistic manner across political and societal sectors, such as in land-use planning, resource exploitation, infrastructure development, and education, and by increasing long-term sustainability [12]. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

For many threatened species the rate and drivers of population decline are difficult to assess accurately: species’ surveys are typically restricted to small geographic areas, are conducted over short time periods, and employ a wide range of survey protocols. We addressed methodological challenges for assessing change in the abundance of an endangered species. We applied novel methods for integrating field and interview survey data for the critically endangered Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), allowing a deeper understanding of the species’ persistence through time. Our analysis revealed that Bornean orangutan populations have declined at a rate of 25% over the last 10 years. Survival rates of the species are lowest in areas with intermediate rainfall, where complex interrelations between soil fertility, agricultural productivity, and human settlement patterns influence persistence. These areas also have highest threats from human-wildlife conflict. Survival rates are further positively associated with forest extent, but are lower in areas where surrounding forest has been recently converted to industrial agriculture. Our study highlights the urgency of determining specific management interventions needed in different locations to counter the trend of decline and its associated drivers.

Sangalang Hapakat Oyster Mushroom Farmers Group is a farmer group specializes in developing oyster mushrooms in Tanjung Sangalang Village, Central Kahayan District, Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. This farmer group has nine members, which currently sell seeds, baglogs, and oyster mushrooms to the community. To diversify oyster mushroom products and the knowledge of the group is still needed for oyster mushroom post-harvest processing training. Therefore, this service aims to provide training in oyster mushroom processing in product diversification to maximize the benefits obtained. The activity is divided into two stages: processing oyster mushrooms and online marketing of oyster mushroom products. The processing of oyster mushrooms into commercial food products has been successfully carried out at the Sangalang Hapakat Oyster Mushroom Farmers Group, Tanjung Sangalang Village. All farmer groups, especially mothers, can process oyster mushrooms into home food or commercial use. The products produced from this training are crispy mushrooms, mushroom satay, risoles, and shredded mushrooms. Besides, online marketing training provides knowledge to farmer groups in selling their products on various online market platforms and social media. The village's condition, which still has difficulties with internet access, has made the results of this online marketing training less optimal; however, the farmer groups have been able to market their mushroom products online.

Around 27.5% of human parasites have been found in primates. It is proposed that this parasitic load prevalence is not reflected in the specificity of the host or hosts capable of battling parasite infection. Since the dynamic of the field contributes to a broader understanding of host-parasite relationships, it is critical to proving what hosts capable of, in the first place. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to present adequate evidence of the Orangutan’s capacity to medicate itself. In September – October 2017, a swift assessment was carried out in the Punggualas area, Sebangau National Park (SNP). As per behavior procedure, a total of 72 hours follows on habitual Orangutan, on which focal behaviors, including their social behavior, have been reported every 2 minutes. All data is evaluated descriptively. Three focal orangutans, consisting of two dominant males, namely Eboy and Sander, and one independent female with an infant. The results showed that two male individuals revealed no signs of self-medication activity in their natural diets, only feeding activity. In the meanwhile, the female shows the actions. While we did not specifically find out the symptom they may have, the research outcome gained ample evidence that self-medication is performed by the Orangutan.