Pneumonia is a disease that frequently infects toddlers. Pneumonia cases in 2021 caused 9.4% of deaths in children aged 12-59 months. The effectiveness of pneumonia treatment is decreasing due to the increase of Streptococcus pneumoniae’s resistance to antibiotics. The application of natural plant extracts such as binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract is chosen as an alternative treatment to pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to disclose the active compound of binahong leaf extract (A. cordifolia) that has the potential as an antibacterial to S. pneumoniae. This study was conducted in September 2022 at Universitas Negeri Surabaya with in silico method (blind docking) using PyRx software. The results of the drug-likeness assay showed that the three selected compounds (Linoleic Acid, Phytol, and Hexadecanoid Acid) met the criteria as drugs. The molecular docking assay that has been carried out showed that Linoleic Acid has the lowest binding affinity value (-5.4 kcal/mol) when compared to Phytol and Hexadecanoid Acid indicating its higher potential. This study shows that the selected compounds of the binahong leaf extract have the potential to be antibacterial to S. pneumoniae with PBP2 as the target protein. It is nevertheless necessary to conduct further research to determine the effectiveness and bioavailability of these compounds.

In addition to physical problems, acne caused by Staphylococcus aureus frequently leads to psychological problems as well. As a result, Treatment therapy using antibiotics in the long term and at inappropriate doses increases the rate of antibiotic resistance. Alternative treatments can be performed by using natural ingredients, such as cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura), which exhibit antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the active compound of M. calabura extract which has the potential as an antibacterial agent for S. aureus. The research was conducted in September 2022 at Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Using PyRx software, we carried out a molecular docking (blind docking) analysis. The drug-likeness test indicated stigmasterol, tetradecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester compounds met the criteria as medicinal compounds. The results of the molecular docking analysis showed that stigmasterol has a binding affinity of -7.8 kcal/mol better than other compounds and RMSD of 1.482 Å indicating its high potential. The three selected active compounds have the potential as antibacterial agents for S. aureus. The application of this product as a treatment for acne, however, requires further research.

Mangrove habitats are found in coastal areas and have unique environmental conditions. The mangrove habitat contains abundant and various microbial resources, which play critical roles in mangrove ecosystem maintenance and function. One of the intriguing mangrove habitats to study is the Wonorejo Mangrove, Surabaya. In this current research, the abundance and diversity of bacterial communities in four areas of Wonorejo Mangrove, Surabaya, were determined. The four areas of interest included mangrove by the river with a jogging track (station 1), mangrove by the river without a jogging track (station 2), mangrove in the estuary (station 3), and mangrove in the pond (station 4). Soil samples were collected from the four stations, then the abundance of bacteria was determined by using the Standard Plate Count method. The bacterial colonies that grew from each sample were then listed and characterized based on their colony morphology. The results indicated that the highest abundance was at station 4 with the number of bacteria at 1.83x107 CFU/ml, while the lowest abundance was at station 1 with 5.3x 104 CFU/ml. The structure of bacterial communities of each station was varied. Nevertheless, one of the isolates, namely isolates TS1.1 can be observed in all of the samples. We can conclude that the abundance and the diversity of bacterial communities are affected by environmental factors. This research further deepens our understanding of the bacterial dynamics in Wonorejo mangrove habitats.