Dunia saat ini dikejutkan dengan wabah virus baru COVID-19 yang bermulai dari Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei yang menyebar dengan cepat hingga berbagai negara. Menanggapi masalah ini WHO menetapkan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi global. Virus ini dapat ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia dan telah menyebar secara luas di China dan lebih dari 190 negara dan teritori lainnya. Sampai tanggal 29 Maret 2020, terdapat 634.835 kasus dan 33.106 jumlah kematian di seluruh dunia. Sementara di Indonesia dilaporkan ditemukan sejumlah 2 kasus pada tanggal 2 Maret 2020 dan merupakan tingkat kematian tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Kematian akibat COVID-19 dapat terjadi pada bayi hingga lanjut usia. Lanjut usia tetap menjadi faktor risiko kematian utama dibandingkan dengan usia yang lain dikarenakan beberapa faktor seperti gangguan kognitif, gangguan perilaku, dan sebagainya. Lanjut usia juga sering dikaitkan dengan penyakit komorbid seperti hipertensi dan diabetes. Tujuan penulisan ini untuk mengetahui gambaran faktor risiko lanjut usia terhadap kematian pasien dengan COVID-19.

Vitamin C merupakan salah satu nutrisi yang tidak bisa disintesis oleh manusia. Fungsi Vitamin C dalam tubuh sangat banyak, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan dan efek pada sistem imun. Vitamin C terbukti dapat melawan virus karena sebagai imunomodulasi, sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi interferon dan mengatur sintesis sitokin proinflamasi. Vitamin C berhasil mencegah dan mengurangi pasien ICU pada ISPA. Vitamin C juga mepercepat kesembuhan pada penyakit flu. Pemberian terapi vitamin C diharapkan membantu dalam menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pada COVID-19. Vitamin C pada tubuh pasien COVID-19 juga menurun, sehingga sangat dibutuhkan terapi vitamin C. Vitamin C dapat sebagai imunosupresan yang akan menghambat cytokin storm pada pasien COVID-19. Vitamin C dalam pasien yang terinfeksi virus dapat menghambat ROS. Pemberian vitamin C dengan dosis tinggi dapat membantu penyembuhan dalam dengan sepsis. Dokter di China melaporkan 50 pasien COVID-19 dengan pemberian vitamin C berhasil sembuh. Hal ini dapat membuktikan vitamin C dapat dijadikan terapi pada pasien COVID-19. Tujuan pembuatan literature review ini untuk mengatahui efektivitas vitamin C pada pasien COVID-19. Kata kunci: Vitamin C, Terapi, COVID-19This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Lung is a place for gas exchange where ventilation and perfusion occurs. Ventilation is the first step where sequential process of inhalation and exhalation take place. Meanwhile perfusion as the other step facilitates the gas exchange and tissue supply need. Blood flows through the lungs are equals as the amount of cardiac output where the factors that control cardiac output are mainly peripheral factors, also control pulmonary blood flow. In general condition, pulmonary blood vessels act as a passive tube, which can be increased with the increasing pressure and narrowed the pressure drop. Oxygen absorption level from lungs into bloodstream is a critical determinant for functional capacity, and an important factor wheter in normal conditions (including exercise) or even in illness state. Lung diffusion capacity is influenced by several geometric and functional factors. Gravitation influence systematic gradient in ventilation and perfusion distribution. Ventilation and blood flow variations at horizontal level also occur due to intrinsic anatomic variations and vascular geometry, as well as the differences in airway and vascular smooth muscle response which modifies the distribution. The change of integrity intrapleural chamber, hydrostatic pressure and osmotic imbalance, malfunction of surfactants, other intrinsic weakness of the branching system in the form of a progressive airway, and all the things that could potentially damage the structure of the lung can cause ventilation and diffusion dysfunction.

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Chloroquine is the first line of medicine in the treatment of malaria. Besides being antimalaria, the chloroquine also can be used as the anti-inflammation in the medicine of arthritis rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus discoid. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is 4-aminoquinolin with hydroxylated chloroquine analog, having the same pharmacokinetic as chloroquine which is given orally in hydroxychloroquine sulfate form, processed by gastrointestinal absorption and very faster kidney elimination. The effectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine towards COVID-19 in the in vitro experiment showed it could inhibit the duplication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The chloroquine function is to stop COVID-19 infection with (EC50) 1,13 μM and (CC50) larger than 100 μM. Meanwhile, the hydroxychloroquine function is to inhibit the attachment and entry of the virus into the host’s cell by enzymatic activation which is the lysosome acidification disorder and antigen presentation as the result of pH increase. Based on the clinical study, the 10 of 12 patients who have lopinavir/ritonavir therapy by virology, the chloroquine group showed RT-PCR negative on day 7, 10, and 14 in compare to lopinavir/ritonavir that showed RT-PCR negative on day 14. On the 9th day, 60% of the patients of chloroquine group showed the CT scan of Lungs image normal instead of the lopinavir/ritonavir at 25%. In the day 14 based on the CT test result, the pulmonary improvement increased twice rather than chloroquine group (Rate Ratio 2.21). It proved that the chloroquine role showed the result of the medicine has a significant effect by cleaning the virus or other clinical matters. The purpose of this literature review is to know the effectiveness quinoline class of drugs which is chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 disease.Keywords: effectiveness, chloroquine, COVID-19Correspondence: dedydermawan555@gmail.com