The knotweed taxa Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis and their interspecific hybrid F. × bohemica are some of the most aggressive invaders in Europe and North America and they are serious threats to native biodiversity. At the same time, they constitute a unique model system for the creation of hybrids and studies of the initiation of evolutionary processes. In the presented study, we focused on (i) examining genetic diversity in selected populations of three Fallopia taxa in the invaded (Poland) and native ranges (Japan), (ii) establishing genome size and ploidy levels and (iii) identifying ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-bearing chromosomes in all of the taxa from the invaded range. We found that the genetic diversity within particular taxa was generally low regardless of their geographical origin. A higher level of clonality was observed for the Polish populations compared to the Japanese populations. Our study suggests that the co-occurrence of F. sachalinensis together with the other two taxa in the same stand may be the source of the higher genetic variation within the F. × bohemica hybrid. Some shift towards the contribution of F. japonica alleles was also observed for selected F. × bohemica individuals, which indicates the possibility of producing more advanced generations of F. × bohemica hybrids. All of the F. sachalinensis individuals were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66; 2C = 6.01 pg), while those of F. japonica were mostly octoploid (2n = 8x = 88; 2C = 8.87 pg) and all of the F. × bohemica plants except one were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66; 2C = 6.46 pg). Within the chromosome complement of F. japonica, F. sachalinensis and F. × bohemica, the physical mapping of the rDNA loci provided markers for 16, 13 and 10 chromosomes, respectively. In F. × bohemica, a loss of some of rDNA loci was observed, which indicates the occurrence of genome changes in the hybrid.
The aim of this study was: (i) to complete and verify the prior review of research on alien plants conducted in Poland and the practical use of their results, and (ii) to attempt to assess the contribution of the research from the area of Poland to the research conducted on an international level. The analysis was performed based on the information gathered during a literature search which covered the last 200 years, using over 1400 publications out of the 3000 which were available in the pool. As a result, the main areas of biological sciences in the context of the research undertaken on alien plants in Poland (distribution, ecology and biology of the species), the most common thematic studies (new species, new localities, and lists of alien species), and the most often investigated species, as well as tendencies over time were indicated. Although studies on the migration and distribution of alien plants in Poland have over 100 years of tradition, and the part of the studies conducted by Polish researchers contributes to the international scale research, it is still necessary to further analyse many issues and answer numerous questions.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Europe and the world. Cancer treatments have side effects and cause significant deterioration of the patient’s nutritional status. Patient malnutrition may worsen the health condition and prevent the deliberate effects of the therapy. The aim of this review was to describe the available data about clinical nutrition in colorectal cancer patients. A large proportion of colorectal cancer patients suffer from malnutrition, which negatively affects the survival prognosis, quality of life, and oncological therapy. Therefore, monitoring nutritional status during the treatment is essential and can be used to arrange proper nutritional therapy to enhance patient responses, prevent side effects, and shorten recovery time. The principles of nutrition during anticancer therapy should mainly consider light and low-fat foods, the exclusion of lactose and gluten-containing foods in certain cases, or the introduction of special dietary products such as oral nutrition supplements and it should be tailored to patients’ individual needs.
EDUKACJA FINANSOWA W POLSCE NA TLE ROZWIĄZAŃ IRLANDZKICH, SZWAJCARSKICH I AMERYKAŃSKICH S łowa k lucz owe: edukacja finansowa, alfabetyzacja finansowa Abst r a k t. Dynamiczna sytuacja na rynku finansowym -permanentny rozwój usług i produktów finansowych, zmiany na rynkach oraz nieuchronne kryzysy pokazują jak ważna jest chociaż podstawowa wiedza obywateli z zakresu finansów i gospodarowania. Obecnie umiejętnością konieczną do prawidłowego funkcjonowania w nowoczesnym społeczeństwie jest świadomość finansowa. Powinna być podstawą, w perspektywie długookresowej, przyczyniającą się do stabilnego, godnego życia obywatela. Edukacja finansowa społeczeństwa stanowi współcześnie kluczowy warunek rozwoju rynku finansowego. Tylko świadomi finansowo konsumenci są w stanie korzystać z innowacji i możliwości jakie daje współcze-sny rynek usług finansowych. Bez wiedzy na temat korzyści, ale też zagrożeń, które niesie ze sobą zakup usług bankowych, konsumenci nie będą w stanie wybrać produktu najlepiej dostosowanego do ich potrzeb. Celem artykułu jest próba ukazania poziomu edukacji finansowej w Polsce na tle rozwiązań proponowanych w Irlandii, Szwajcarii i Stanach Zjednoczonych. Autorka ukazuje znaczenie edukacji finansowej dla prawidłowego rozwoju społe-czeństw i gospodarek. W artykule przeanalizowano realizację edukacji finansowej w Polsce na tle innych krajów. Edukacja finansowa, wiedza, umiejętności i świadomość zachowań finansowych obywateli, w obecnym kształcie wydają się nie do końca nadążać za złożono-ścią rynku finansowego. Pozytywem jest dostrzeżenie, że przyczyną braku sukcesu finansowego społeczeństw jest coraz częściej ich niski poziom alfabetyzacji finansowej. Zauważono i zbadano, że wysoki poziom edukacji finansowej konsumentów pozwala uzyskać korzyści nie tylko w wymiarze indywidualnym, ale także w aspekcie gospodarczym. Metodologia badania -analiza porównawcza, wnioskowanie logiczne.Fi na ncial e ducat ion i n Pola nd agai n st t he ba ckg rou nd of I r ish , Sw iss a nd A me r ica n solut ion s Ke y wo r d s: financial education, financial literacy Ab s t r a c t . Dynamic situation on financial market -permanent development of financial services and products, market changes and inevitable crises show how important for the E u r o p a Re g i o n u m 3/2 01 7, t o m X X X I I , s . 1 0 1-1 2 0
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