The effect of prophylaxis with Cotrimoxazole (CTX) against malaria parasitaemia and other pregnancy outcomes among HIV-infected pregnant women in Jos was investigated. Peripheral blood from study women was used to prepare thin and thick blood smears for the identification and estimation of malaria parasitaemia as well as immunological and haematological investigations. Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) was used as control, being the standard used for prophylaxis against malaria in pregnant women. Result shows that Prevalence of malaria infection was reduced from 34.1-7.2% and from 25-10% among group A and B respectively. Mean parasitaemia was reduced from 1984.76 asp/µ to 1000.00 asp/µl and from 1960.38 asp/µ to 1118.18 asp/µ for CTX an SP respectively. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) was reduced from 33.09-33.02% with CTX and from 33.11-32.90% with SP. Mean CD4+ count increased from 223.55 cells/µl to 300.54 cells/µl with CTX but decreased from 570 cells/µl to 536.4 cells/µl with SP. Prophylaxis with CTX is associated with 89% reduction in parasitaemia, with immunological but no haematological benefits, while prophylaxis with standard Sp is associated with 76% reduction in malaria parasitaemia with neither immunological nor haematological benefits. There was no statistical difference between the two drugs throughout the study. The use of cotrimoxazole for antimalarial prophylaxis among HIV-infected pregnant women is strongly supported but with close monitoring of their PCV so as to detect and treat any possible anaemia.

The study was aimed to assess microbiological quality of male patients with infertility at Murtala Muhammad specialist hospital Kano, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) Semen specimens were collected from males with infertility attending the clinic and General out Patient Department of MMSH Kano. The seminal fluids were diluted with sterile saline, centrifuged and cultured on Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Chocolate agar and MacConkey agar then incubated aerobically and in 5% CO 2 at 37°C for 24 hours for the isolation of pathogenic microorganism. Isolates were identified based on Gram's staining, biochemical tests and API 20E Test. The result shows that out of the 200 samples examined 76 (38%) were found to be infected with a total of seventy six (76) isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was found to have the highest occurrence of 31 (40.79%), whereas the least was found to be Mycoplasma species, 1(1.32%). Other microorganisms encountered include; Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species 14(18.42%), Escherichia coli 11(14.47%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 6(7.89%), Proteus mirabilis 5(6.58%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3(3.95%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2(2.63%) and Candida species 3(3.95%). The result also shows that patients within the age range of 30-39 years were most infected with 35(40.1%) infected out of 93 examined. The highest number of isolated microorganisms was observed in samples with concentration of 0-20 x106/ml. The semen motility rate was reduced significantly in samples with pathogenic microorganisms.