Probiotics, which are micro-organisms or their products with health benefit to the host, have found use in aquaculture as a means of disease control, supplementing or even in some cases replacing the use of antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of microalgae (Tetraselmis), yeasts (Debaryomyces, Phaffia and Saccharomyces) and Gram-positive (Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus and Weissella) and Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Photorhodobacterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio) has been evaluated. However, the mode of action of the probiotics is rarely investigated, but possibilities include competitive exclusion, i.e. the probiotics actively inhibit the colonization of potential pathogens in the digestive tract by antibiosis or by competition for nutrients and/or space, alteration of microbial metabolism, and/or by the stimulation of host immunity. Probiotics may stimulate appetite and improve nutrition by the production of vitamins, detoxification of compounds in the diet, and by the breakdown of indigestible components. There is accumulating evidence that probiotics are effective at inhibiting a wide range of fish pathogens, but the reasons for the inhibitions are often unstated

Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the intestinal contents of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, on tryptone soya agar and De Man Rogosa and Sharpe agar, of which 11 of 177 (6% of the total) of the isolates were antagonistic to Aeromonas salmonicida. Four of these cultures, which were identified tentatively as A. hydrophila, Vibrio fluvialis, Carnobacterium sp. and an unidentified Gram‐positive coccus, were beneficial to fish when fed singly or as an equi‐mixture. Feed supplemented with the putative probiotics indicated survival of the organisms in the gastrointestinal tract for 7 days. Feeding with the probiotics for 7 and 14 days led to better survival following challenge with A. salmonicida. There was no indication of serum or mucus antibodies to A. salmonicida, but there was an increased number of erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and leucocytes, and enhanced lysozyme activity in the fish.

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Traditional art in this paper is seen as cultural identity for its sup­ported community, that has a specific role socially and ritually. The supported community, in ad­dition, believes that this traditional art is not only acted as an entertainment, but also a facilitator for their hopes and prays. Despite some changes have influenced the differences of style and vari­ation in the performing art, however, the changes themselves are the manifestation of adaptive strategy had from the supported community to preserve and conservetraditional art. Determination of communications technology or the exposure of communications technology present in the midst of society and influence the worldview and human behavior in everyday life.

Abstract:The culture commodification is the sale-purchase transaction of cultural objects through industrial process that was born along with the globalization era. The tourism industry is the child of globalization that produce cultural objects to be traded for the financial benefit. as long as it is also developing a concept that is able to synergize the perception and responses of the supporting society to the demands of the tourism industry. Fourth, one of the most relevant concepts to accommodate the demands of the culture commodification is a concept that is commonly referred as the pseudo traditional art.Abstrak: Komodifikasi budaya adalah transaksi jual beli benda budaya melalui proses industri yang lahir seiring dengan era globalisasi. Industri pariwisata adalah anak kandung globalisasi yang memproduksi benda budaya untuk diperjualbelikan demi keuntungan secara finansial. Salah satu bentuk benda budaya yang dikomodifikasi di era globalisasi adalah kesenian tradisional. Permasalahannya adalah, bagaimana strategi yang perlu dikembangkan agar kesenian tradisional sebagai subjek kearifan lokal masyarakat pendukungnya tetap telindungi, tetapi di sisi lain ia diharapkan bisa mengakomodasi tuntutan globalisasi ekonomi yang telah melakukan komodifikasi budaya? Dengan tujuan untuk mensinergikan antara keberadaan kesenian tradisional sebagai identitas kultural masyarakat pendukung dan tuntutan industri pariwisata yang melakukan komodifikasi budaya, maka melalui penelitian lapangan yang menggunakan metode kualitatif telah menghasilkan gambaran sebagai berikut.