Background: Tooth eruption, the movement of teeth toward the oral cavity clinically marked by the emergence of the cusp or incisal edge, is very important in determining the chronological age of a child. Unfortunately, tooth eruption in 6-12-year olds on the island of Madura has yet to be investigated. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze differences in permanent tooth eruption between boys and girls aged 6 to 12 years old on Madura. Methods: This study employed an observational analytic design in combination with a cross-sectional approach. The samples used in this study were selected by means of simple random sampling technique. Post-selection informed consent of the child subjects was obtained with their chronological age being assessed and determined prior to tooth eruption. The normality of the data was subsequently analyzed by application of a one sample non-parametric Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Thereafter, repeated Anova tests were conducted to determine differences in the permanent tooth eruption of the subjects. Results: Based on the normality test results, the significance value of the permanent maxillary teeth in the male subjects was 0.993, while that of their permanent mandibular teeth was 0.695. In contrast, the significance value of the permanent maxillary teeth in the female subjects was 0.970, while that of their permanent mandibular teeth was 0.918. According to the results of the repeated measure ANOVA test, differences existed in the eruption of the permanent maxillary and mandibular teeth between the males and females with a significance value (ρ) of 0.020. The mean value of permanent mandibular tooth eruption in the females was 56.59 ± SD 33.403, while that of their permanent maxillary tooth eruption was 50.77 ± SD 34.201. The mean value of the permanent mandibular tooth eruption in the males was 55.31 ± 33.024, while that of their permanent maxillary tooth eruption was 48.77 ± SD 34.201. Conclusion: On Madura, the permanent teeth of chronological 6-12-year old females, particularly their permanent mandibular canine teeth, erupt earlier than those of their male counterparts.

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Masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu ketidaksesuaian kecepatan erupsi gigi di wilayah pesisir pantai dan pegunungan. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan erupsi gigi molar pertama permanen rahang atas dan bawah berdasarkan letak geografis pesisir pantai dan pegunungan Kabupaten Pacitan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sasaran dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagian siswa pada SD di daerah pesisir pantai yaitu Kecamatan Ngadirojo serta  SD yang terletak di daerah pegunungan yaitu Kecamatan Tulakan dan dengan jumlah minimal sampel 111 anak. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data yaitu metode observasi dan dokumentasi.Teknik analisa yang digunakan yaitu teknik analisis data chi-square dengan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian didapatkan terdapat perbedaan waktu erupsi gigi molar pertama permanen rahang atas dan bawah berdasarkan letak geografis  daerah pesisir pantai dan pegunungan Kabupaten Pacitan.

Abstract. The study of district cooling implementation opportunity in Jakarta will be reported. Two alternatives of district cooling system were simulated for a building complex district of about 1 km 2 area situated in Jakarta. The two alternatives were a conventional centralized chiller system (ALT 1) and a combination of water chillers, brine chillers and TES (thermal energy storage) system (ALT 2). The methodology of the study was based on the cooling load estimation of the selected district using Trace 600 software, continued with selection and sizing of the main equipment alternatives, complete with the life cycle cost analysis. The simulation was divided into 5 zones based on the chilled water distribution. There were 34 buildings in the district consist of 1 residential area, 1 supermarket, 1 expo building, 1 hospital, 2 schools, 2 malls, 13 apartments, 7 hotels, and 6 office buildings. The peak cooling load in this district was found to be 35.800 TR (ton of refrigeration). For ALT 1, the system used the water-cooled chiller consisted of 8 base chiller of 5.000 TR each, 8 cooling towers, 8 chilled water pumps, 16 condenser water pumps, and 18 chilled water distribution pumps. The maximum daily energy consumption was 1,500,300 kWh. With 10% interest rate and 10% profit margin in 15 years operational periods, the chilled water rent price was found to be 3.77 cents US$/kWh in the first year. Due to its lower investment and operational cost, higher IRR, simpler equipments and easier to operate, the conventional centralized chiller system (ALT 1) is preferred over the district cooling with thermal energy storage system (ALT 2).

Autistic children have poor oral hygiene levels higher than normal children. Dental and oral health problems that often occur in children with autism are the risk of dental caries which is higher than other dental and oral diseases. Frequent consumption of cariogenic foods and impaired coordination of the tongue muscles result in a tendency to eat food and difficulty swallowing, resulting in the formation of debris. The high value of debris causes calculus and if left further it will develop into worse tooth and gum damage. Objective: To describe appropriate learning methods for children with autism in improving their brushing skills. Methods: Search journals for 2016-2021 on Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Sciendirect databases. In the 8 journals used, 4 of them used quantitative research methods, 2 used prospective research methods, and 2 others used cross-sectional research methods. Results: The various methods obtained are the use of the PECS method; Yoga Therapy; iPads; Social Stories, TEACCH method, Puzzle Series; and Videos. Several kinds of learning methods are appropriate and can be recommended for children with autism, namely the video learning method which is considered better and can attract the attention of children with autism in improving their brushing skills.