Summary Phytophthora spp. are responsible for some serious diseases of cocoa including pod rot, stem canker, leaf blight, seedling blight, and chupon wilt. Eight species of Phytophthora have been isolated from diseased cocoa worldwide, even though only three species cause most losses in cocoa production. Twenty isolates of Phytophthora sp. were isolated from various parts of the cocoa tree collected from six cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia, viz. North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi. All isolates were then identified using their morphological charac-teristics and it was concluded that all of the isolates are Phytophthora palmivora. This identification was then confirmed with molecular identification by amplification of ITS of rDNA of the isolates with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, followed by restriction of the amplicon with enzymes. The molecular identification confirmed that all isolates are P. palmivora. Ringkasan Phytophthora spp. merupakan penyebab beberapa penyakit penting pada kakao, termasuk busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar daun, hawar bibit, dan layu tunas air. Delapan spesies Phytophthora telah berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman kakao sakit di seluruh dunia, meskipun hanya tiga spesies yang meng-akibatkan kehilangan produksi kakao yang nyata. Dua puluh isolat Phytophthora sp. telah diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao yang dikumpulkan dari enam provinsi sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara. Semua isolat diidentifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua isolat adalah Phytophthora palmivora. Identifikasi selanjutnya dilakukan secara molekuler dengan amplifikasi daerah ITS dari rDNA isolat menggunakan pasangan primer ITS 4 dan ITS 5, kemudian diikuti dengan pemotongan amplikon menggunakan enzim restriksi. Identifikasi molekuler juga menun-jukkan bahwa semua isolat Phytophthora penyebab penyakit pada kakao adalah P. palmivora.
Phytophthora palmivora is the causal agent of pod rot, stem canker, seedling and leaf blight and cherelle wilt of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Indonesia. The genetic structure of the pathogen population across the country is unknown. In this study, a population of 20 cultures of P. palmivora isolated from cocoa at six major cocoa producing provinces namely Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan and Sulawesi Tenggara in Indonesia was evaluated for genotypic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Ten primer combinations were used to evaluate all isolates, 68 out of 347 AFLP markers (19.6 %) produced were polymorphic. Results of the AFLP analyses showed that the P. palmivora population in Indonesia possessed high degree of similarity (96 %). AFLP banding patterns indicated that the isolates form two distinct groups, but with no genetic differentiation based on geography, types of cocoa or the part of the tree from which the isolates were obtained. These data suggest that frequent outbreaks of Phytophthora pod rot in various growing regions is probably resulted from changing of local climatic condition which is condusive for the disease epidemic rather than from different genetic structure or pathogenic populations of this pathogen, which would affect recommendations for disease management.Abstrak Phytophthora palmivora adalah penyebab penyakit busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar bibit dan daun, dan layu pentil pada tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao) di Indonesia. Struktur genetik dari populasi patogen di seluruh negeri belum diketahui. Pada kajian ini, 20 kultur P. palmivora yang diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao dari enam provinsi penghasil kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara diuji keragaman genetiknya mengguna-kan amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Sepuluh kombinasi primer digunakan untuk menguji semua isolat, 68 di antara 347 penanda AFLP (19,6 %) yang dihasilkan adalah polimorfik. Hasil analisis AFLP menun-jukkan bahwa populasi P. palmivora di Indonesia mempunyai tingkat kekerabatan yang tinggi (96 %). Pola pita AFLP menunjukkan bahwa kedua puluh isolat membentuk dua kelompok, tetapi tidak ada perbedaan berdasar letak geografis, tipe kakao atau bagian tanaman kakao asal isolat diperoleh. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa ledakan penyakit busuk buah Phytophthora yang sering terjadi di berbagai daerah diduga lebih diakibatkan oleh perubahan kondisi iklim setempat yang memicu terjadinya epidemi daripada karena perbedaan genetik atau patogenisitas dari populasi patogen, sehingga hasil ini dapat melengkapi saran-saran dalam pengelolaan penyakit.
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