Background: The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method is frequently used for identifying many microorganisms. The present review aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of LAMP method for detection of food-borne bacteria and to compare these features with those of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as an alternative molecular diagnostic procedure, and with cultivation method, as the gold standard method. Methods: The literature was searched in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE) for recruiting publications within Jan 2000 to Jul 2021. We used the combinations of keywords including foodborne disease, LAMP, PCR, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and polymerase chain reaction. Meta-analysis was used to adjust the correlation and heterogeneity between the studies. The efficiency of the methods was presented by negative likelihood ratio, positive likelihood ratio, sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio using forest plots. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistical significance cut off. The confidence intervals were presented at the 95% interval. Results: Overall, 23 relevant studies were analyzed. The sensitivities of LAMP and PCR methods were estimated to be 96.6% (95% CI: 95.0-97.7) and 95.6% (95%CI: 91.5-97.8), respectively. The specificities of LAMP and PCR were also estimated to be 97.6% (95%CI: 92.6-99.3) and 98.7% (95%CI: 96.5-99.5), respectively. Conclusion: The specificities of LAMP and PCR assays were determined by comparing their results with cultivation method as the gold standard. Overall, the specificity of both PCR and LAMP methods was low for detection of fastidious bacteria. Nevertheless, LAMP and PCR methods have acceptable specificities and sensitivities, and their application in clinical practice necessitates more studies.

Background: Attitude and decision-making about continuing the therapeutic interventions for the end-of-life patients are the essential skills required by the health care system creating many scientific, ethical, religious, and legal challenges, and sometimes making it difficult to make decisions. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate euthanasia attitude and its relationship with optimism among the medical and nursing students of AJA University of Medical Science. Methods: In the present descriptive-analytical study, 150 clinical students were selected by census method. Data collection tool included demographic information, optimism questionnaire, and euthanasia attitude questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS with the usage of parametric and nonparametric tests. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results: The mean scores of euthanasia attitude among nursing and medical students were 23.2 (2.31), and 23.72 (2.4), respectively. Mann-Whitney test indicated no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.22). The mean scores of optimism among nursing and medical students was 23.4 (3.81) and 24.6 (4.62), respectively, although no significant difference was found between the two groups (P = 0.07). Among all of the selected students, a direct and significant correlation was observed between optimism and euthanasia attitude (P = 0.007 and r = 0.219). Conclusions: The students had an unfavorable euthanasia attitude while optimism was favorable. Thus, qualitative studies are suggested for the formation of euthanasia attitude and its relationship with personality traits.

Objectives Diarrhoea is the most commonly related disease caused by Aeromonas. To improve knowledge on prevalence, this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the global prevalence of Aeromonas in children with diarrhoea worldwide. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Google scholar, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, and Web of sciences to identify all cross-sectional published papers between 2000 and 10 July 2022. After initial scrutinizing, 31 papers reporting the prevalence of Aeromonas in children with diarrhoea were found to be adequate for meta-analysis. The statistical study was accompanied by using random effects models. Results A total of 5660 identified papers, 31 cross-sectional studies encompassing 38,663 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Aeromonas in children with diarrhoea worldwide was 4.2% (95% CI 3.1–5.6%). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was seen among children in Upper middle-income countries with pooled prevalence of 5.1% (95% CI 2.8–9.2%). The prevalence of Aeromonas in children with diarrhoea was higher in countries with populations of over 100 million people (9.4%; 95% CI 5.6–15.3%), and water and sanitation quality score of less than 25% (8.8%; 95% CI 5.2–14.4%). Additionally, Cumulative Forest Plot showed a decreasing trend in the prevalence of Aeromonas infection in children with diarrhoea over time (P = 0.0001). Conclusion The results of this study showed a better comprehension of Aeromonas prevalence in children with diarrhoea on a global scale. As well as our findings showed that much work is still required to decline the burden of bacterial diarrhoea in countries with high populations, low-level income, and unsanitary water.

Previous research has revealed that distributional information obtained from child-directed speech could be informative for children when they are learning grammatical categories. Frequent frames are distributional units proposed by Mintz and explored by researchers in many languages with different typologies. This study investigated two parent–child corpora from the CHILDES database to determine frequent frames in Persian child-directed speech. To do so, a number of frequent frames in the two corpora and more specifically those which contained complex verbs were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the accuracy of frequent frames in Persian (0.54) with some specific typological features is lower than that of English (0.91) at the word level due to the flexibility of the basic SOV order at the sentence level in Persian. It was also found that Persian frequent frames mostly included complex verbs. This evidence, along with the results of frames in categorizing words at this level, indicates that the accuracy of the frames is also affected by the fact that the subject position of verbs is mostly left vacant in Persian as a pro-drop language. That is why the non-finite forms of the verbs were taken into account when a verb was a part of the frames. The results also revealed that grammatical categories which mostly appeared in the context of frames were verbs, while the target words were nouns and adjectives.

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