No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The recent widespread installation of renewable energy sources in place of fossil fuel, along with the substitution of electric vehicles (EVs), has raised a several difficulties. Due to their nature and reliance on the environment, RESs represent continuously variable power generators. The control architecture of connected power systems also focuses on minimizing the frequency deviations and tie-line power fluctuations. In this scenario, a cascaded PI-PD controller based on Chaotic butterfly optimization (CBOA) is proposed for load frequency control of power systems with the addition of Electric Vehicles (EV). The proposed algorithm is first evaluated by using four performance analysis features, and its superiority is demonstrated by comparing it against recent optimization algorithms tune controllers such as Artificial Rabbits algorithm (ARA): 1 + PD, Chaos Game algorithm (CGA): 1 + PI, Dragonfly Search algorithm (DSA): FOPID, and Firefly algorithm (FA): PID. The acquired results affirm towards the operational excellence of the recommended controller and optimization technique in terms of mitigating the impact of frequency and tie-line power variations. Moreover, it exhibits robustness, enhanced stability of the system throughout a broad range of parameters.