The present research aims to describe and explain factors affecting the success of eCRM system in police telephone-contact centers as a part of their interactive and relationship-oriented programs. In this study, one of the most famous models implemented in several industries such as insurance industry has been evaluated; the results then have been modified for application. The results, in fact, corroborate the main hypothesis, which points to the existence of a relationship between an establishment and its institutional success. In other words, having established an eCRM system, institutions will witness an increase in efficiency, staff satisfaction, and eventually customer satisfaction. The results may also explain the failure of some huge investments in implementing modern technology to disseminate information and establish communication by indicating that large investments in technology do not necessarily bring about required improvement in efficiency. It has also been demonstrated that expanding types of services to include ones such as providing counseling via telephone and placing accurate and relevant information on the website needs to be considered as part of an eCRM system agenda.
Introduction: Many antioxidant agents have been studied for prevention and treatment of the kidney stone disease in animals and humans. Parkinsonia aculeate (P. aculeate) has a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities, particularly antioxidant properties. The goal of this research was to investigate the anti-urolithiatic effect of P. aculeate extract on ethylene glycol induced renal calculi.Materials and methods: A total of 42 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six equal groups with seven rats in each group: Group A served as healthy control group and received distilled water for 30 days. Group B served as ethylene glycol control group and received 1% v/v ethylene glycol in distilled water for 30 days. Group C, D, and E animals (preventive groups) concurrently received 1% v/v ethylene glycol in distilled water along with extract of P. aculeata orally for 30 days in doses of 100 mg/kg (low dose), 200 mg/kg (moderate dose), and 300 mg/kg (high dose), respectively. Group F (treatment groups) received 1% v/v ethylene glycol in distilled water for the first 30 days along with extract of P. aculeata 300 mg/kg orally from 15th to 30th days. At the end of study period, 24-hour urine and serum samples were collected and analyzed. All rats were sacrificed and both kidneys were removed, weighed and histopathologically evaluated for calcium oxalate crystals.Results: Ethylene glycol significantly decreased serum calcium, urinary levels of creatinine, calcium and uric acid. On the contrary, it significantly increased 24-hour urine volume, kidney weight, and calcium oxalate deposits. The highest number of calcium oxalate crystal depositions were in the high dose preventive group (76.6%), which is statistically significant difference with other groups including ethylene glycol control (70%), low dose preventive (72%), treatment (38%), and moderate dose preventive (42%) groups (P value < 0.05). Administration of extract of P. aculeata significantly reduced the production of calcium oxalate stones in moderate dose preventive and treatment group. However, P. Aculeata extract was not effective in reducing the formation of calcium oxalate stones in low dose and high dose preventive groups. Interestingly, the number of calcium oxalate deposits in the renal tubules of high dose preventive group was significantly more than the ethylene glycol control group.Conclusions: Extract of P. aculeata has preventive and therapeutic effects in ethylene glycol induced renal calculi in Wistar rat. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism underlying this effect.
Background: The use of advanced and expensive technologies requires financial, human and capital resources. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has high contrast sensitivity for visualizing differences among the tissues. Unnecessary diagnostic imaging imposes excessive cost on health systems. This study aimed to determine the appropriateness of brain MRI prescriptions in 2021. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 274 patients who referred to Bushehr teaching hospital. They had been prescribed MRI of the brain due to headache and dizziness. We used the data collection form developed in the previous study. The appropriateness of the brain MRI prescription was determined based on the appropriate indications during 2021. Results: About 61 % of the referrals were due to headache and 39 % were because of dizziness. Overall, MRI was evaluated as inappropriate for about 38 % of the patients. The appropriateness of prescriptions had a significant relationship with age, gender, education, job status, complaint, prescribing physician, and MRI applicant with P-value < 0.050. Conclusion: Findings revealed more than one-third of brain MRI services were not clinically appropriate. Due to the high cost of MRI, it is necessary to make prescriptions in accordance with indications to prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures and to prevent induced demand. Health system policymakers and healthcare providers should develop clinical guidelines and implement them to reduce the costs of health systems.
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