Ventilator strategies allowing for increases in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) tensions (hypercapnia) are being emphasized to ameliorate the consequences of inflammatory-mediated lung injury. Inflammatory responses lead to the generation of reactive species including superoxide (O(2)(-)), nitric oxide (.NO), and their product peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). The reaction of CO(2) and ONOO(-) can yield the nitrosoperoxocarbonate adduct ONOOCO(2)(-), a more potent nitrating species than ONOO(-). Based on these premises, monolayers of fetal rat alveolar epithelial cells were utilized to investigate whether hypercapnia would modify pathways of.NO production and reactivity that impact pulmonary metabolism and function. Stimulated cells exposed to 15% CO(2) (hypercapnia) revealed a significant increase in.NO production and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Cell 3-nitrotyrosine content as measured by both HPLC and immunofluorescence staining also increased when exposed to these same conditions. Hypercapnia significantly enhanced cell injury as evidenced by impairment of monolayer barrier function and increased induction of apoptosis. These results were attenuated by the NOS inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine. Our studies reveal that hypercapnia modifies.NO-dependent pathways to amplify cell injury. These results affirm the underlying role of.NO in tissue inflammatory reactions and reveal the impact of hypercapnia on inflammatory reactions and its potential detrimental influences.

Shale gas energy is the most prominent and dominating source of power across the globe. The processes for the extraction of shale gas from shale rocks are very complex. In this study, a multiobjective optimization framework is presented for an overall water management system that includes the allocation of freshwater for hydraulic fracturing and optimal management of the resulting wastewater with different techniques. The generated wastewater from the shale fracking process contains highly toxic chemicals. The optimal control of a massive amount of contaminated water is quite a challenging task. Therefore, an on-site treatment plant, underground disposal facility, and treatment plant with expansion capacity were designed to overcome environmental issues. A multiobjective trade-off between socio-economic and environmental concerns was established under a set of conflicting constraints. A solution method—the neutrosophic goal programming approach—is suggested, inspired by independent, neutral/indeterminacy thoughts of the decision-maker(s). A theoretical computational study is presented to show the validity and applicability of the proposed multiobjective shale gas water management optimization model and solution procedure. The obtained results and conclusions, along with the significant contributions, are discussed in the context of shale gas supply chain planning policies over different time horizons.

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This paper presents bi-level decision making models for advertising planning problem. Advertising planning process consists of multiple objectives and is generally decentralised involving various hierarchical levels of decision making. Considering the cost and impact related factors, long and short duration ads for a single product are made for telecasting. The models presented in the paper are designed so as to allocate the number of advertisements of each kind to different channels under different time zones of a day with the objectives of maximization of ads impact and minimization of net cost at two different levels. We present two models based on minimum impact value to be achieved by advertisement as a constraint considering that the budget available for advertising is uncertain. We extend and present a solution approach developed for fuzzy bi-level integer decision making model with fuzzy constraints. Finally, we provide a numerical illustration to discuss the applicability of the proposed models.