Exposure to drugs often results in toxicity in the kidney which represents the major control system maintaining homeostasis of the body and thus is especially susceptible to xenobiotics. Nephrotoxicity is a life-threatening side-effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Diclofenac is one of the most frequently prescribed NSAIDs and have been reported to cause multiple organs damage. Curcumin (CUR) exhibits nephroprotective properties. Therefore, rats were divided into four groups; rats of groups 3 and 4 received diclofenac (100 mg/kg, i.m.), whereas rats of groups 2 and 4 received CUR (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 3 days. Diclofenac revealed a significant increase in urea and creatinine levels and malondialdehyde concentration and marked reduction in catalase activity and reduced glutathione concentration. Histopathologically, diclofenac produced fatty changes and eosinophilic casts were detected in the renal tubules, those were attenuated by administration of CUR prior diclofenac.

Caffeine (CF) is one of the popular nutrients that have been implicated as a risk factor for infertility. Taurine (TAU) is the most abundant free amino-acid present in mammalian tissues and cells. Paracetamol (PCM) is an effective oral analgesic. The present study represented to evaluate the effects of CF, TAU and /or PCM on male fertility in rat and the development of their fetuses. The 1 st group was kept as a normal control received distilled water. The 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups received orally 250 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg and 270 mg/ kg of TAU, CF and PCM, respectively. In addition, the 5 th , 6 th , 7 th , and 8 th groups received TAU+CF, TAU+PCM, CF+PCM and TAU+CF+PCM, respectively, for 45 th consecutive days. Then blood samples were taken to determine the testosterone and FSH level, and total pro-oxidant. Moreover, in testes, malondialdehyde and nitrite/nitrate were estimated. Besides, the abnormality of sperms, sperm counts and percentage of sperm motilities were evaluated. These males were allowing to mated with untreated female rats to determined the rate of pregnancy and study any malformation in their fetuses. The results revealed that each of CF and/ or PCM decreased the weights of fetuses, as well as sperm counts and motilities significantly. Besides, percentages of head and tail abnormalities were increased in CF and/or PCM. The histopathological examination revealed presence of marked degenerative changes in testes in CF and/or PCM-treated groups. In conclusion, we observed that TAU almost improved undesirable effects induced by PCM or/and CF.