Septic arthritis refers to an infection in a joint due to a bacterial, mycobacterial, or fungal cause. Joint infections are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality and constitute a true musculoskeletal emergency. The estimated incidence of septic arthritis in the general population is between 2 and 6 cases per 100,000 people per year. The most common presentation is an acute monoarthritis. Identification of organisms in the synovial fluid is the criterion standard for diagnosis. Synovial fluid aspiration should be performed prior to initiating antibiotics. While no diagnostic cutoff exists for synovial fluid white blood cell count, increasing leukocytosis is associated with a higher likelihood of an infectious cause of arthritis, and patients commonly present with values greater than 50,000/μL. The cornerstones of treating septic bacterial arthritis are adequate drainage and antimicrobials. Joint drainage is always recommended in septic arthritis; however, no clear guidelines or strong evidence exist to guide the preferred method of drainage. Options for joint drainage include daily needle aspiration, arthroscopy, or open surgical drainage via arthrotomy.

A laboratory investigation was carried out to determine the optimum soil to fly ash mix ratio to enhance the engineering properties of clayey sand that can potentially be used as a road subgrade. Grain size distribution and Atterberg limits tests were conducted to classify the soil and to study the effects of the fly ash on the soil plasticity. The Proctor test was conducted to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soil--fly ash mixtures with arbitrarily selected 0%, 40%, 50%, and 60% fly ash content. A higher percentage was selected to find the highest optimum fly ash content to maximize the beneficial use. Unconfined compression and consolidation tests were conducted with air-dry arbitrarily selected curing periods of 0, 2, 8, and 28 days to determine the strength and to predict the settlement and the volume change behavior. It can be concluded from the trend analysis that a fly ash content range of 32–50% appeared to be optimum that is expected to perform better as subgrade materials for a curing period range of 16–19 days. However, experimental data showed a fly ash content of 50% was the optimum for a curing period of 8 days. The settlement and the volume change behavior improved at least 44% with increased fly ash content.

Air temperature is considered one of the important atmosphere elements because of its wide effects on the climate variables and climate system, besides its effects on the human life. This research aims at estimating increasing of air temperature in both of city center and rural side based on increasing of population in city center and more less than rural side. The sources of data come from two stations; the Baghdad International Airport station of the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring, and the station of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences affiliated to the Faculty of Science, University of Mustansiriyah. Supported data are monthly average for mean air temperature.  Results showed that there was a strong tendency for a temperature increasing during July and October. The effect of population density on the temperature was clear and significance. Where the difference between the two stations after the addition of the impact for October was 7.4oC.

Analysis of the jet stream is diagnostic over Baghdad for period studies 2012 to 2014 using Radiosonde data and synoptic charts. The source of data is Iraq Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS). Similar way for weather forecasts to identify areas, forecasters show that area has good predictability under jet stream case. The jet stream is happening clearly realized under the climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and geopotential height for upper layer. Two levels 300hPa and 500hPa is the best way to determine the current jet. Maximum frequency of jet stream happened in April and July in 500hPa that equal 13 times and in 300hPa happened 14 times in May. This study showed that the occurrence of cases of the jet stream is becoming increasingly volatile and decreasingly during 2012 and gradually increased in 2014 where that recorded in 2014.

Aims of the Proposed ReviewThe aim of this project is to conduct a systematic review that will identify and collate published information relating to frailty and spousal/partner bereavement (i.e. the death of a life partner whether married or unmarried co-habiting) in older people (aged 60 years and above). The review will include all relevant national (UK) and international research. This review aims to identify any gaps in literature that can help inform future healthcare policies and models.