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PurposeHeterocyclic aromatic amines are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds formed during cooking of meat. Therefore, the formation levels of them should be reduced. For this aim, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of dry breadcrumb in meatball production on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines. In addition, the effect of dry breadcrumb on some quality parameters of the meatballs was also investigated.Design/methodology/approachMeatball dough with 15 percent fat was divided into four parts, where one group was selected as the control group (without dry breadcrumb). In the other three groups, dry breadcrumb was added in various ratios of 5 percent, 10 percent and 15 percent (w/w). Then, meatball dough was stored at 4 °C for 3 h and shaped into meatballs with a metal shaping device (7 × 1 cm). For some of the quality parameters, water, pH, cooking loss and TBARS analyses were done in the samples. Heterocyclic aromatic amine analysis was done in only cooked samples according to solid phase extraction.FindingsThe use of dry breadcrumb in meatball production decreased water content and cooking loss. As cooking temperature increased, water contents and cooking loss of meatball decreased. PhIP, AαC and MeAαC were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. As cooking temperature increased, total amount of HCAs increased and ranged between 0.05 and 0.51 ng/g. While the use of dry breadcrumb in the meatball production increased IQ content of the meatballs, the use of 5 percent dry breadcrumb caused a decrease in the total HAA content (28.57–66.67 percent) for all cooking temperatures.Originality/valueMany research studies including our study in the literature were conducted on formation and reduction of HAAs in meat and meat products. However, although dry breadcrumb is frequently used both in domestic and commercial meatball formulations; to the best of our knowledge, effect of using dry breadcrumb in meatball production on HAAs formation has not been investigated in the literature. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of the use of dry breadcrumb in meatball production on some quality parameters and formation of HAAs in meatballs cooked at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C were determined.

K E Y W O R D S : capture beat, double exit, fusion beat, multiple exits, wobble, wide QRS tachycardia 1 CASE A 63-year-old man suffering from ischemic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) with recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks despite the use of amiodarone, underwent endocardial VT ablation. Using an activation map, an isthmus was located and targeted in the middle of the anteroseptal area of the left ventricle. Multiple simultaneous mid-diastolic potentials recorded on a multielectrode mapping catheter during tachycardia with alternating QRS morphologies (Figure 1). What are the possible mechanisms of the alternating QRS morphology and cycle length (CL)? DISCUSSIONMonomorphic VTs with alternating QRS morphologies have been observed to occur spontaneously and during programmed stimulation in human hearts. 1-3 The presence of fusion beats (QRS of intermediate duration between those during SR and during tachycardia) and capture beats (narrow QRS and equal to that during SR) may cause the different tachycardia morphologies. 4 However, two different reentry circuits may share the same exit with functional block changing the QRS morphology, may have the same "shared" isthmus with a different exit, or may have two different isthmuses in different areas of the same scar or different scar. [3][4][5][6][7] In the setting of the "fusion" and "capture" beats, measuring the P-P interval or P-QRS interval stay fairly constant before and after those "fusion" and "capture" beats; however, the "fusion beat" comes in early when measured the ventricular rate (R-R interval). Despite there was no atrial electrocardiogram in current tracing, we considered that the alternating VT morphologies in our patient were due to different exits of the same shared isthmus ( Figure 2) supported by the change in the QRS morphology precedes and predicts the next DP-DP interval ("wobble")( Figure 3). The septal origin VTs show narrower QRS complexes due to the early involvement of the His-Purkinje fibers and the simultaneous activation of both ventricles. As compatible with that, the exit of the narrower QRS cycles ("N" in Figure 3) was near the anteroseptal region but wider ones ("W" in Figure 3) were more anterior wall exit. Indeed, capture beats would be more random and also most unlikely to provide early ventricular activation in the close vicinity of the slow conduction zone immediately following a diastolic potential (DP) that would render that region refractory to a supraventricular impulse. Therefore, spontaneous changes in the measured intracardiac intervals during tachycardia (wobble) are useful in determining the mechanism of not only narrow QRS but also wide QRS tachycardias. 8

Stent thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal complication of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). In recent years, the predictive and prognostic value of the red cell distribution width (RDW) as an indicator of inflammation has been shown in many cardiovascular diseases. Aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of RDW for stent thrombosis in patients who underwent successful stent implantation for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).In this retrospective study, 146 patients who underwent successful PCI to native coronary artery due to STEMI previously and presented with acute coronary syndrome with stent thrombosis were included (stent thrombosis group). A total of 175 patients who had similar procedural characteristics (type, diameter, and length of stent) and not had stent thrombosis were consisted control group.Patients were divided into tertiles according to the admission RDW values (12.9 ± 0.4, 14.2 ± 0.4, and 16.3 ± 1.5, respectively). Stent thrombosis developed in 47 (40.9%) patients in the lowest tertile, 39 (37.9%) patients in mid tertile, and 60 (58.3%) patients in the highest tertile (P = 0.006). Female gender ratio was statistically significantly higher in the 3rd tertile (13 [11.3%], 8 [7.8%], 24 [23.3%], P = 0.003, respectively). RDW (OR: 1.397 [95% CI 1.177–1.657], P < 0.001) and platelet count (OR: 1.008 [95% CI 1.004–1.012], P < 0.001) remained independent predictors of stent thrombosis after multivariate logistic regression analysis. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that, admission RDW values higher than 13.9 can predict the development of stent thrombosis with a sensitivity of 57% and a specificity of 52% (The area under the ROC curve: 0.59 [95% CI 0.53–0.65] P = 0.007).High RDW values found to be independently associated with the development of stent thrombosis in patients with STEMI.