Key points• Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with a high mortality rate and significant morbidity.• Of patients presenting to hospital with CAP, up to 10% will require critical care admission.• Streptococcus pneumoniae continues as the most common infective pathogen.

• Perioperative non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may reduce the incidence of postoperative complications in high-risk surgery or patients with significant respiratory disease. • NIV has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidity and length of stay in critical care units. Postoperative pulmonary complications While often used interchangeably in clinical practice, the terms postoperative respiratory dysfunction (PRD), PPC, and postoperative respiratory failure (PRF) should be distinguished for an accurate consideration of the topic. PRD refers to the expected

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