This study aimed to produce and improve the quality of pyrolysis oil as a source of bioenergy that is made by mixing palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste. The slow co-pyrolysis method was employed, and HDPE waste and EFB were fed into the pyrolysis reactor at HDPE amounts of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight. The pyrolysis oil product was obtained by co-firing EFB with HDPE using the slow co-pyrolysis method in a fixed bed reactor at 500C with a flow rate of 750 mL/min and a heating rate of 5C/min. The chemical compositions of pyrolysis oil were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectroscopy. A pyrolysis oil produced by HDPE 100 wt.% was dominated by the chemical compounds of phenols, aromatics, aliphatic, and acids, while for EFB 100 wt.% was dominated with aldehydes, acids, phenols, furan and aliphatic. The addition of HDPE reduced the amount of pyrolysis oil yield, increased the pH, reduced the viscosity, and reduced the oxygen content of the pyrolysis oil. These results proved that the HDPE affected the decrease in pyrolysis oil and the increase in gas production from co-firing HDPE and EFB using the slow co-pyrolysis method.

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The objective of this study was to compare the impacts of financing investment scenarios on piped-natural GPs for households in Indonesia using government, business entity, and mixed investment scenarios. Simulations of cash flow were used for a case study of domestic GPs in City X in Indonesia, which originally used only one investment scheme. The GPs is calculated using the cash flow (CF) method. With the cash flow, GPs is calculated based on the sum of investment costs (Capital Expenditure), operating and maintenance costs (O & M), gas purchase costs, administrative costs (A), tax (t), and margin (m) divided by gas volume. A sensitivity test was performed using the models to observe the effects of changes to each component of each variable regarding price calculations for natural gas. The government divided the type of household into two, one class consisting of simple house and small house and the second group consists of luxury homes, apartments, and condominiums. For 100% government investment scenarios, prices were formulated using management fee systems. For 100% business entity investment scenarios, prices were formulated with a method in which an internal rate of return (IRR) equaled a weighted average cost of capital (WACC). For mixed government and business entity investment scenarios, prices were derived by modifying 100% government investment scenarios calculations. A study of setting piped-natural GPs for households that are equitable, fair, transparent, and able to meet citizens' purchasing powers was then conducted. Using the calculations and simulations, it was concluded that the government investment scenarios provided the lowest GPs but burdened the state budget. The business investment scenarios provided high GPs and benefitted the firm but not the community. The mixed investment scenario with 50:50 government and business entity investment composition was recommended for setting GPs; they increased investments and public welfare, could be just and fair, and could meet citizens' purchasing powers.

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Abstracy. The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of the comparison and impact of changes in the model of Gas Transportation Tariff calculations through Pipes on the transportation of natural gas for fuel power plants in the region X. Which initially used a single tariff distance system that provides gas prices that are still not economically attractive, will be replaced with a more efficient multi-tariff postage stamp system. With the change of tariff calculation method, it will get the lower gas price and will inevitably increase the commercial appeal to be able to replace HSD (High-Speed Diesel) Generator which is expensive and cause more pollution. Initially, the substitution program is still less attractive because gas prices are still inefficient because the use of tariff calculation method is less precise. New tariffs are modeled by modifying cash flow and some variables with scenarios dividing tariffs into groups and re-modeling the volume of gas flowing in the pipeline through simulations using software and calculations. With the sensitivity test will also be done to provide the best scenarios to the efficiency of gas price formation. If gas prices are more efficient than fuel, it will further increase the attractiveness to accelerate fuel substitution of fuel with cleaner gas fuel and support Government programs. A comparison of the carbon decline will also be made to prove the substitution of diesel with gas to have a positive impact on the environment to provide an analysis of environmental issues. Finally, we propose that the application of a multi-tariff system will provide the best scenario for enhancing the efficiency of natural gas prices in the substitution of power generation from diesel into previously less attractive gas to be more efficient and more environmentally friendly.