NOGAMI A et al.(5) View the monitor during imaging During imaging, the heart rate must be continuously monitored using a pulse oximeter or an ECG monitor. (6) Prepare for unexpected situations It should be ensured that the room is equipped with an electrical defibrillator to be used in an emergency, if necessary. A hospital manual for handling unexpected situations should be established. In addition, it should be kept in mind that the threshold and lead resistance need to be re-measured after imaging and the mode needs to be returned to the original setting.Recommendations are shown in Table 6. Electrophysiology StudiesThe clinical significance of induced arrhythmia depends on the underlying heart disease, type of arrhythmia, and induction protocol. Electrophysiology studies are considered less useful in patients with frequent premature ventricular contraction (PVCs) without structural heart disease.

HAR achieves equivalent short-term results to standard open arch repair, with a decreased need for CPB. However, considering the inferior mid-term outcomes of this procedure, its indications should be limited to high-risk patients.

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FDG-PET/CT is useful for confirming the presence of graft infection by detecting high uptake around grafts and excluding other causes of inflammation. An SUVmax value greater than 8 around a graft suggests the presence of graft infection. In addition, FDG-PET/CT can be used to clarify the precise extent of infection. This is especially useful if multiple separated prosthetic grafts have been implanted.