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Spinach chloroplasts and their various fractions enriched in either photochemical reaction centre 1 (P700) or reaction centre 2 (P680) have been analyzed for pigment composition by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results clearly establish a stoichiometry of chlorophyll (Chl) a'/P700 = 2, where Chl a' represents the C 10 epimer of Chl a. This is the first demonstration of the association of Chl a' with any functional site in vivo. It is further shown that a Chl a' dimer prepared in vitro reproduces fairly well the redox and spectroscopic behaviour of P700. These findings provide strong evidence that a Chl a dimer constitutes P700.

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Summary Eco‐efficiency at the product level is defined as product value per unit of environmental impact. In this paper we present a method for quantifying the eco‐efficiency using quality function deployment (QFD) and life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA). These well‐known tools are widely used in the manufacturing industry. QFD, which is one of the methods used in product development based on consumer preferences, is introduced to calculate the product value. An index of the product value is calculated as the weighted average of improvement rates of quality characteristics. The importance of customer requirements, derived from the QFD matrix, is applied. Environmental impacts throughout a product life cycle are calculated based on an LCIA method widely used in Japan. By applying the LCIA method of endpoint type, the endpoint damage caused by various life‐cycle inventories is calculated. Willingness to pay is applied to integrate it into a single index. Eco‐design support tools, namely, the life‐cycle planning (LCP) tool and the life‐cycle assessment (LCA) tool, have already been developed. Using these tools, data required for calculation of the eco‐efficiency of products can be collected. The product value is calculated based on QFD data stored in the LCP tool and the environmental impact is calculated using the LCA tool. Case studies of eco‐efficiency are adopted and the adequacy of this method is clarified. Several advantages of this method are characterized.

Visible absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies on a series of chlorophyll (Chl) a/a′ epimeric mixtures in aqueous methanol have unraveled a striking influence of the stereochemistry at carbon 132 on the mode of intermolecular association of these pigments.