Although additional cases and a randomized, controlled study with another cholangioscope are needed, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using SPY-DS appear to be feasible and safe.

Because of the short hospital stay, the high clinical success rate, and the low adverse event rate compared to PCD, EUS-AD has potential as a first-line treatment for liver abscess.

No abstract

In conclusion, although additional cases and randomized controlled studies using metal stents of various lengths are needed, our technique is likely to be clinically useful for the prevention of early and late stent migration.

Although additional cases and a randomized controlled comparison with another dilation technique such as the graded dilation or cystotome dilation technique are needed, our technique may be helpful for EUS-guided biliary drainage.