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Hollow anatase titania (TiO 2 ) spheres were synthesized using fructose and tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC 4 H 9 ) 4 , TBT) as the precursors via the conventional hard template method. The morphological, structural and thermal properties of the products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet visible (DR UV-Vis) spectroscopy. XRD revealed that the hollow TiO 2 prepared was in the anatase phase and the BET surface area measured was about 22 m 2 g -1 . The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized hollow anatase TiO 2 in the photodecomposition of chlorpyrifos was 18.67% which was higher that that obtained using commercial TiO 2 .

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of process extraction variables (extraction time, volume of solvent, weight of sample) on the production of essential oil from ginger rhizome using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).