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The Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) is an essential application in many remotely sensed projects and problems. Land use is simply man-made objects such as urban, road complex targets, etc., while land covers are defined as any target and phenomenon that appear neutral. The LULC study is essential for all current and future engineering projects, as it shows the nature of the land's components, which is evident in studying and modernizing residential areas. One of the essential operations for studying LULC is the heterogeneity detection and classification calculations of satellite images and topographic maps. A part of the Baghdad, Iraq region was selected for the Landsat satellite group at different periods to detect variance and make classifications for extracting and calculating ​​the changes. Many digital techniques were used to extract the results, such as; digital change detection and two classification methods. The study showed a significant decrease in the vegetation cover areas after 2015 and the expansion of buildings and unincorporated slums due to the housing crisis. The digital methods and results were evaluated using the ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) ver. 4.5 and written subroutines in visual basic 6.0.

Vegetation monitoring is considered an important application in remote sensing task due to variation of vegetation types and their distribution. The vegetation concentration around the Earth is increase in 5% in 2000 according to NASA monitoring. This increase is due to the Indian vegetable programs. In this research, the vegetation monitoring in Baghdad city was done using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for temporal Landsat satellite images (Landsat 5 TM& Landsat 8 OIL). These images had been used and utilize in different times during the period from 2000, 2010, 2015 & 2017. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that a change in the vegetation Cover (VC) in Baghdad city. (NDVI) generally shows a low value of plant cover. The highest NDVI values were occur in 2000 and the lowest values for both years 2015-2017. This change is due to a correlation of climate indices such as precipitation, temperature, and dust storms. This study present that (NDVI) method is a powerful and useful way of monitoring vegetation. The calculation of vegetable areas show (43.3, 37.4, 9.1, and 22.7 Km2). The result were evaluated using (Environment for Visualizing Images ENVI) Ver. 4.8 package.

The accurate 3-D coordinate's measurements of the global positioning systems are essential in many fields and applications. The GPS has numerous applications such as: Frequency Counters, Geographic Information Systems, Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems, Car Navigation Systems, Emergency Systems, Aviations, Astronomical Pointing Control, and Atmospheric Sounding using GPS signals, tracking of wild animals, GPS Aid for the Blind, Recorded Position Information, Airborne Gravimetry and other uses. In this paper, the RTK DGPS mode has been used to create precise 3-D coordinates values for four rover stations in Baghdad university camp. The HiPer-II Receiver of global positioning system was used to navigate the coordinate value. The results will be compare with the Google Earth viewer coordinates values, the comparison shows that absolute error was few millimeters between actual and measured coordinate's values.

Background:The alveolar process which is bearing of the teeth, tooth extraction is the common cause of alveolar ridge resorption, occlusal radiographical technique of the mandibular arch has the ability to determine the size of the outer and inner cortical bone of the mandible. Aim of the Study:The aim of this study is to assist the bucco-lingual width of mandibular bone at molar area in relation to dental status in occlusal film.Material and Method: 30 patients (15 dentulous and 15 edentulous) 18-25 years old, they were collected from popular clinic in Baghdad and referred to diagnosis department of Collage of Dentistry/ University of Baghdad. An occlusal film is placed into patient mouth, so that it is centered over molar area on the side to be radiographed. After exposure and film processing, a Varnier caliper is used to measure the width of bone.Results: in SPSS statistic, by calculating the Mean, Stander Deviation and P-Value we found that the bone width of edentulous patients is less than the bone width of the dentulous patient in the posterior area of the mandible. Conclusion:we concluded that the bone width of the edentulous patients is less than the bone width of dentulous patients in the posterior area of the mandible due to loss of mandibular molars.Clinical Significance: These inevitably changes will affect the oral health and function, the dental team faces the challenge of creating a prosthetic restoration such as dentures or more importantly implants to compensate or eliminates these adverse effects. Sufficient alveolar bone volume and favorable architecture of the alveolar ridge are essential to obtain optimal functional and aesthetic prosthetic reconstructions.