Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a major complication of Chronic kidney disease resulting from disturbances in the regulation of Parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. Adding to the burden of CKD elevated Parathyroid hormone levels are responsible for the long-term consequences like renal osteodystrophy, vascular calcifications and also contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease patients. Hence, this study was conducted to correlate the levels of PTH in patients with CKD in comparison to normal healthy controls.: 54 patients diagnosed as CKD and 46 healthy controls are included in the study. Serum levels of Urea, creatinine & PTH measured in both cases and controls. Statistically significant increase in PTH levels were observed in cases as compared to controls (p<0.001). An increase in PTH levels is seen as the disease progressed. Thus, periodic measurement of PTH is recommended in all patients with CKD in order to reduce complications.

Mineral bone Disease in CKD manifest as a combination of abnormalities of PTH, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Abnormalities of bone turnover, mineralization, Vascular or other soft tissue calcification. Mineral disturbances are common complications of CKD they begin early in the course of disease. Derangements in mineral metabolism is also associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Cardiovascular disease accounts for 70% of all deaths in patients with CKD, with an overall mortality of 20% per year in patients on dialysis. Material & Methods: 50 patients diagnosed with CKD and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. Serum calcium, Serum Phosphorus, Serum PTH, Serum urea and Serum creatinine were estimated in both cases and controls. Results: Statistically significant increase in calcium and phosphorus levels were seen in cases as compared to controls. The mean level of calcium in cases is 8.35±1.07 and control is 8.98±0.98 and the mean level of phosphorus in cases is 4.40±1.70 and control is 3.47±0.62 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Alteration in minerals like calcium and Phosphorus occurs early in the course of disease and are responsible for various cardiovascular manifestations and bone osteodystrophy. Early medical management like calcium supplementation and phosphate binders help in better management of Mineral bone disease in CKD.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an international public health problem affecting about 5–10% of the population. It is the ninth leading cause of death. A trend towards increased incidence and prevalence is being reported worldwide with epidemic proportions in many countries. CKD is associated with variety of endocrine disturbances among which thyroid dysfunction is most common. This is probably due to reduce circulating hormone levels, altered binding of hormone to carrier protein or due to reduced peripheral metabolism of hormone. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 patients diagnosed with CKD. Both male and female patients aged between 30-70 years were selected for the study. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was calculated using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Total T3, Total T4, TSH levels were measured by CLIA methodology. Results: Statistically significant alteration in TSH (p<0.01) values were seen with eGFR suggesting that alteration in the eGFR may lead to thyroid hormone resistance. Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD), Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)

The growth of nanocellulose has attracted outstanding interest in the last few decades due to its unique and potentially useful features. Novel nanocelluloses improve the strongly expanding field of sustainable materials and nanocomposites.CNCs and CNFs are two kind of nanocelluloses (NCs), and they own various superior properties, such as large specific surface area, high tensile strength and stiffness, low density, and low thermal expansion coefficient.Their application includesnanocellulose in transdermal drug delivery, Hydrogels, Aerogel Systems, Nanocellulose in Tablet Formulations and Nanocellulose in Microparticulate Drug Delivery (1). Different methods of nanocellulose like pretreatment method, mechanical process and chemical hydrolysis used for the synthesis of nanocellulose. Characterization of cellulose includes scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of samples and thermogravimetric analysis.