A tenth of patients die within 60 days of diagnosis of MM. Infection and renal failure are the main direct causes of early mortality, which cannot be accurately predicted by presenting prognostic features. All patients should be considered at high risk of death during induction therapy.

In an attempt to improve induction chemotherapy for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML),1314 patients were randomized to 1 of 3 induction treatments for 2 courses of DAT (daunorubicin, cytarabine, and thioguanine) 3 ؉ 10, ADE (daunorubicin, cytarabine, and etoposide) 10 ؉ 3 ؉ 5, or MAC (mitoxantronecytarabine). The remission rate in the DAT arm was significantly better than ADE (62% vs 50%; P ‫؍‬ .002) or MAC (62% vs 55%; P ‫؍‬ .04). This benefit was seen in patients younger and older than 70 years. There were no differences between the induction schedules with respect to overall survival at 5 years (12% vs 8% vs 10%). A total of 226 patients were randomized to receive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or placebo as supportive care from day 8 after the end of treatment course 1. The remission rate or survival were not improved by G-CSF, although the median number of days to recover neutrophils to 1.0 ؋ 10 9 /L was reduced by 5 days. Patients who entered remission (n ‫؍‬ 371) were randomized to stop after a third course (DAT 2 ؉ 7) or after 6 courses, ie, a subsequent COAP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytarabine, and prednisolone), DAT 2 ؉ 5, and COAP. The relapse risk (81% vs 73%), disease-free survival (16% vs 23%), and overall survival at 5 years (23% vs 22%) did not differ between the 3-course or 6-course arms. In addition to a treatment duration randomization, 362 patients were randomized to receive 12-month maintenance treatment with low-dose interferon, but no benefit was seen with respect to relapse risk, disease-free survival, or overall survival. (Blood. 2001;98:1302-1311)