A degenerate zinc-templated
catalytic system containing two bipyridine
ligands with redundant functional groups for either enamine or hydrogen
bond formation was applied to the asymmetric aldol reaction. This
concept led to both a higher probability of reaction and rate acceleration.
Thus, the catalyst loading could be decreased to a remarkable 2 mol
% in what we think is a general approach.
Tradicionalmente en la ingeniería civil el efecto de las personas sobre las estructuras se ha considerado sólo como una carga adicional sin tener en cuenta que esta ocupación puede cambiar los parámetros dinámicos de la estructura. Estos hechos han despertado el interés en emular las características de la carga humana a través de la formulación de modelos dinámicos que interactúan con el sistema estructural y modifican sus propiedades dinámicas. Este artículo presenta la caracterización de los efectos producidos por cargas humanas en la frecuencia natural fundamental y la razón de amortiguamiento viscoso correspondiente de una estructura que fue construida para ser representativa en el modo y la frecuencia natural de la tribuna sur del Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero de Cali (Colombia). Se realizaron ensayos de vibración forzada en la tribuna, tanto con ocupantes humanos en diferentes configuraciones y densidades de ocupación como con cargas muertas equivalentes. Los resultados muestran que para el caso de las cargas humanas, la frecuencia natural fundamental y la correspondiente razón de amortiguamiento de la estructura pueden variar hasta en 35% y 27% respectivamente, en relación con los valores de la estructura con cargas muertas equivalentes.
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is essential to identifying problems that may cause human and material losses produced by disastrous and unexpected structural failures. The dynamic characterization of civil structures adopting SHM systems provides, at a particular moment, accurate information about the current structural response. When considering a proper SHM strategy and affordable economic investment for the maintenance required by structures, it is possible to safeguard the original structural parameters and avoid potential failures. However, traditional SHM systems are not desirable due to the large economic investments involved and demand for exhausting fieldwork. This research presents the design, implementation, and validation of a low-cost SHM system composed of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and a base station in order to identify dynamic properties from the measured structural response. A set of small- and full-scale experimental tests were conducted to validate the WSN system using a wired traditional SHM system. Vibration data recorded through the low-cost SHM system were processed and compared to determine the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping properties of different structures by computing modal identification techniques, frequency analysis, and logarithmic decrement. The obtained dynamic characterization results from small- and full-scale experimental testing conclude that the low-cost SHM system can reliably identify the dynamic properties of the tested structures. This proposal provides an inexpensive, functional, and innovative alternative for SHM regarding traditional monitoring systems.
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