Bufonidae is one of the most diverse amphibian families. Its large-scale phylogenetic relationships are relatively well understood with the exception of few Neotropical genera that may have diverged early in the evolution of the family. One of those genera is Andinophryne, a poorly known group of three toad species distributed in the western slopes of the Andes of northern Ecuador and southern Colombia. Their phylogenetic position is unknown due to lack of genetic data. We estimated a new phylogeny (over 200 species) of the family Bufonidae based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes to assess the phylogenetic position of Andinophryne based on recently collected specimens of A. colomai and A. olallai from Ecuador and Colombia. We also examined external and internal morphology of Andinophryne to explore its congruence with the new phylogeny. The mtDNA and nuclear phylogenies show that Andinophryne is embedded within Rhaebo, a genus that belongs to a large clade characterized by the presence parotoid glands. Morphological characters confirmed the affinity of Andinophryne to Rhaebo and a close relationship between Andinophryne colomai and Andinophryne olallai. Rhaebo was paraphyletic relative to Andinophryne and to solve this problem we synonymize Andinophryne under Rhaebo. We discuss putative morphological synapomorphies for Rhaebo including Andinophryne. We provide species accounts for R. atelopoides new comb., R. colomai new comb. and R. olallai new comb. including assessments of their conservation status. We suggest that the three species are Critically Endangered. Their altitudinal distribution and association with streams are characteristic of endangered Andean amphibians.Key words: Bufonidae, Colombia, conservation status, Ecuador, Rhaebo, synonymy, systematics ResumenBufonidae es una de las familias de anfibios más diversas. Sus relaciones filogenéticas a gran escala están relativamente bien entendidas, con la excepción de algunos géneros Neotropicales que pueden haber divergido temprano en la evolución de la familia. Uno de esos géneros es Andinophryne, un grupo pobremente conocido de tres especies de sapos distribuidos en la vertiente occidental de los Andes en el norte de Ecuador y el sur de Colombia. Su posición filogenética es desconocida por falta de datos genéticos. Estimamos una nueva filogenia (casi 200 especies) de la familia Bufonidae basada en secuencias de ADN de genes mitocondriales y nucleares para evaluar la posición filogenética de Andinophryne utilizando especímenes recientemente colectados de A. colomai y A. olallai en Ecuador y Colombia. También examinamos la morfología externa e interna de Andinophryne para explorar su congruencia con la nueva filogenia. Las filogenias con los ADN mitocondriales y nucleares mostraron que Andinophryne está anidado dentro de Rhaebo, un género que pertenece a un clado grande caracterizado por la presencia de glándulas parotoideas. Los caracteres morfológicos confirmaron la afini-348 · Zootaxa 3947 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press dad de Andi...
Since 2013, COENENF has implemented a validated opinion survey at the time of the national examination to strengthen the quality of the exam and facilitate its continuous improvement. Aim: To determine the perception of nursing students about general aspects, specific areas, representativeness, mastery and usefulness of the 2018 ENENF. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study, using a self-administered Likert-type survey, was administered in 2018 to 2949 last-year nursing students from 29 nursing schools who took the ENENF. The survey comprised three areas: representativeness of the questions, student mastery of each area, and the usefulness of the exam. Results: Students had a positive perception of the Chilean ENENF and its application. Theoretical knowledge is effectively assessed and close to half of the sample agreed that the ENENF is useful. The results also suggest areas that should be improved. Conclusions: Nursing students had a positive perception of the ENENF.
La formación de enfermeros contempla desarrollar lógicas de razonamiento, para promover el pensamiento reflexivo y crítico (PCR), y aplicarlo en el actuar profesional. Esta investigación pretende determinar la presencia de PCR en el currículum de Enfermería de cuatro universidades chilenas, como parte de estudio multicéntrico desarrollado por la Red Iberoamericana de Investigación en Educación en Enfermería (RIIEE) mediante estudio cuantitativo exploratorio-descriptivo. Con aprobación del Comité de Ética, se aplica cuestionario, analizando datos con Programa SPSS. Se caracterizan los docentes de cada unidad académica, número de estudiantes, además de las declaraciones de PCR en Planes de estudio, estrategias didácticas y de evaluación explícitas en los cursos. Concluimos que las cuatro escuelas estudiadas declaran el PRC en sus perfiles y planes de estudio, aunque el nivel de implementación y evaluación en sus cursos es diverso. Futuras investigaciones requieren indagar cualitativamente el modo en que docentes desarrollan PCR con estudiantes, y su impacto en el aprendizaje.
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