I am honored to present to you this remarkable book, a testament to the invaluable research conducted in the fields of Health, Law, Engineering, and Administrative Sciences. Each chapter within these pages represents the culmination of extensive investigations carried out by dedicated scholars affiliated with the Red Universitaria de Risaralda (RUN), a network comprising 15 esteemed higher education institutions. Risaralda has emerged as a thriving hub for higher education, bolstered by its strategic geographical location, high quality of life, rich biodiversity, and competitive development. Today, Pereira ranks third in the index of university cities, with a student enrollment rate exceeding 63%. Close to 50,000 students pursue academic programs within the department. Notably, three institutions have achieved accreditation for their excellence in education, positioning Risaralda among the most competitive regions in terms of accredited academic programs. As we celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Red Universitaria de Risaralda in 2023, it is with great pride that we reflect on its pivotal role in fostering collaboration among public and private higher education institutions. Our mission has been twofold: attracting students to our region and supporting sustainable development and quality of life for our community. The mesa de investigación (research committee) has diligently coordinated the necessary actions to unite our researchers, facilitating an integrated approach to various disciplines and themes associated with the challenges faced in our region.

El presente libro lleva como título “Risaralda competitiva, generando alianzas en investigación para el desarrollo”, resultado del V encuentro de investigadores del departamento de Risaralda realizado en el mes de noviembre del año 2020. Evento en el cual se presentaron las últimas investigaciones realizadas en las diferentes instituciones educativas del departamento; quienes hacen parte de la Mesa de Investigaciones de Risaralda; ejercicio de gran interés que arroja resultados de investigaciones en diferentes áreas como son las Ciencias Agrícolas, Ciencias sociales, Ciencias de la salud, Ciencias de la tecnología y la información.

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.

part of urban environments, characterized by low traffic, by interconnecting communities located in towns and villages, allow access to the agricultural market and the design speed is less than higher-ranking routes. Rural roads are extremely important infrastructure for the social and economic development of rural communities, often located in mountainous or semidesert places, where access to basic health and education services is very complex. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis has been applied to the theme of rural roads to identify the most important trends and influences, facilitating an organized view of the peculiarities and developments in their field of research. Consequently, a total of 433 publications made between 1968 and 2020 related to the term rural roads in Scopus were identified. The 433 publications contain 878 authors, 176 journals, 41 countries or territories, and 321 institutions. From the analysis completed, four main research areas related to the rural roads...

The manufacture and use of concrete are significant environmental pollutants due to its high CO2 emissions. Contrary to the current postulates of sustainable development and global pacts for the reduction of greenhouse gases, which is why during the last 20 Years have been developing new techniques and use of alternative materials, as raw material for the manufacture of concrete, with satisfactory results in terms of durability and resistance. The search was advanced in the Scopus database, using the search equation “green concretes”, filtering by title. Using bibliometric and network visualization tools, such as RStudio and VOSviewer, the information corresponding to 201 documents was processed and evaluated. The most significant findings indicate that China and India are leading the research on new technologies to use recyclable raw materials in the manufacture of green concrete, causing the global environmental impact in the construction sector to decrease. Additionally, it was found...