Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and economical method for removing organic contaminants from water. The purpose of the present study was to use Limnobium laevigatum for the phytoremediation of water from sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRI) residues. The experiment was conducted for 14 days, in which the loss of the pharmaceuticals in water and their concentration in plant tissues was monitored. Determination of SMX and TRI was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The results revealed that various factors affected the removal of the contaminants from water, and their bioaccumulation coefficients were obtained. Additionally, the transformation products of SMX and TRI were identified. The observed decrease in SMX and TRI content after 14 days was 96.0% and 75.4% in water, respectively. SMX removal mainly involved photolysis and hydrolysis processes, whereas TRI was mostly absorbed by the plant. Bioaccumulation coefficients of the freeze-dried plant were in the range of 0.043–0.147 for SMX and 2.369–2.588 for TRI. Nine and six transformation products related to SMX and TRI, respectively, were identified in water and plant tissues. The detected transformation products stemmed from metabolic transformations and photolysis of the parent compounds.
The interaction between humans and computers is one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary society. Subtleties of this communication require that human-computer interfaces are conceptualized and tested by highly specialized experts. Here we describe a novel academic course for human-oriented designers and project managers, with the emphasis being put on the communication between the human brain and computer. Outcomes of the course were validated on 12 course participants both: qualitativelyeducational experience, and quantitatively outcomes of a project and final exam. T-test comparison revealed that students who participated in the course gained specialized knowledge, as compared to students who did not take part in the course. Moreover, students generally agreed that the course was helpful and interesting, however, about one-third of them considered the course hard. All in all, we find our brain-computer interfaces course useful in instructing specialist oriented on the human-factor of the communication between human and the machine.
Streszczenie. List 34 był protestem polskich pisarzy i naukowców przeciwko polityce kulturalnej PZPR skierowanym do władz w marcu 1964 r. Wywołał on reakcję rządzących oraz społeczeństwa, zarówno w kraju, jak i za granicą. W artykule krótko zarysowano genezę dokumentu, przebieg zbierania podpisów oraz rozpowszechniania memoriału. Wskazano też konsekwencje wynikające z podpisania go przez sygnatariuszy. Skupiono się na scharakteryzowaniu postaw przedstawicieli środowiska literackiego wobec sprawy Listu 34. Pisarze zostali podzieleni na trzy grupy-sygnatariuszy, zwolenników polityki Partii oraz tych, którzy zgadzali się z ideą protestu, choć go nie podpisali. Ich postawy omówiono na przykładach konkretnych wydarzeń związanych ze sprawą Listu 34, m.in. spotkań literatów z przedstawicielami władzy, stworzenia kontrlistu oraz walnego zebrania Oddziału Warszawskiego ZLP. Opisane zostało również dwuznaczne podejście do sprawy protestu prezesa związku pisarzy-Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza. Można stwierdzić, że solidarność przedstawicieli omawianego środowiska była częstsza niż głosy potępienia, choć funkcjonowała również grupa literatów partyjnych, którzy nie popierali idei dokumentu. List 34 przyczynił się do podziału w ZLP oraz stanowił zapowiedź większego protestu z roku 1968.
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