Fruit farms can become prosumers - producers of electricity for their own needs, without the possibility of selling overproduction. The subject of the study were the costs of electricity in fruit growing. The paper presents a research hypothesis that reads: Agriculture-Polish orcharding can contribute to an increase in the share of energy produced from renewable sources. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of installed photovoltaic panels on the cost of fruit-growing activities. The research methodology was based on a case study. An orchard farm producing apples and peaches on a total area of 33 ha was presented. The costs of fruit growing were developed and the share of electricity consumption costs was indicated in them. Studies have shown that a return on investment in photovoltaic panels is possible after about 8 years. Energy costs account for around 6% of the cost of an orchard. Installing photovoltaic panels on the roofs of cold stores will reduce these costs by half. The main conclusion of the study is that the costs of electricity consumption can be reduced in Poland as a result of the use of fotovoltaic installations, provided that you receive financial support from the state or other institutions, e.g. in the form of subsidies or exemption from agricultural tax.

The article discusses the economics of fruit growing in Poland. Poland currently holds leading positions in the cultivation of apples, cherries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, blueberries, strawberries and mountain ash. In 2017, the area of fruit growing in Poland amounted to 390 570 thousand ha. In this regard, the problem of efficiency arises. The authors analyze the cost structure of apple production as the most important horticultural culture in Poland.

The article considers the issue of cadastral valuation of agricultural lands used for perennial plantations (orchards). Unlike other agricultural crops, orchard crops occupy the land for a long period of time, therefore, the planting expenditures are capital. The purpose of the study is to define the features and adapt the existing methodology for cadastral valuation of lands occupied by orchards considering the actual return on the evaluated land plot and the distance factor that affects the increase in cost and decline in return depending on the location of the plot in relation to the main markets. The example (plots are located in the Bezenchugsky district of the Samara region) shows that the costs of orchard plots are 2.73 and 2.93 rubles per square meter, respectively. Quality characteristics of the first plot are better, but it is located further from the centre of the region.

The study posed a research question: did the situation caused by COVID-19 affect the economic position of energy companies? The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the situation of the epidemic state introduced in 2020 on the activities of the efficiency of energy sector companies. The subject of the research will be the ten largest Polish power plants in terms of electricity production, including four capital groups to which they belong. Financial data from 2014 to 2020 will be used for the research. To test the effectiveness, the tools of the ratio analysis will be used. The analysis of the financial statements in terms of investments in manufacturing activities confirms the hypothesis that companies investing in new solutions and technologies will be best prepared for an exceptional situation. The results of the research show that those capital groups which in the period preceding the outbreak of the epidemic made the largest investment outlays and at the same time their financial ratios and market valuation on the Warsaw Stock Exchange were the highest, they also achieved the highest financial results during the pandemic—they had the most favorable economic situation.

Crop insurance is an important financial instrument for the stable and successful functioning of crop production, realized by reducing risks. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to take into account the individual varieties characteristics when insuring agricultural crops with state support. In this case, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: - to formulate the agricultural crops individual varieties biological characteristics; - to classify all emergencies according to the impact type on plants; - to substantiate (using the example of spring barley) the need to correct the existing approach when concluding crop insurance contracts with state support. When formulating insurance rules, it is necessary to use the capabilities of immunity genetics, which allows it to be rationally and purposefully applied in breeding programs to achieve resistance to abiotic and biotic compensated and non-compensated factors. As can be seen from the presented calculation, it cannot be said that the presence of a variety in the State Register of Breeding Achievements is a prerequisite for its successful cultivation. Therefore, it is necessary for each agricultural crop to identify a number of features, the presence of which makes this variety resistant to the totality of the given microregion all factors.