This review discusses the role of biomarkers for both diagnoses and disease monitoring before, during, and after treatment of aortic dissection.

This review will discuss the history and development of the field of genetic modification, up to the most recent scientific discoveries, and will also consider the current uses of genetic therapy.

An intramyocardial left anterior descending artery can be found in up to 30% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedures. We review the various techniques available to identify an intramyocardial left anterior descending artery.