This paper points out the influence of the internal flow of two-phase oil and gas mixtures on the motion of slender risers hanging from floating production units in curved configurations (for instance, catenary risers) used for offshore petroleum production in deep waters. The internal flow mass and momentum may impose a natural whipping displacement adding to the concerns of stress and fatigue. Usually, the internal flow may display different two-phase patterns (bubble, slug, churn, annular or stratified mixtures) possessing completely different characteristics; in the case of slugs, their intemittency may induce an oscillatory movement on the suspended pipeline. The fluid dynamic forces depend on the flow rates of both oil and gas phases, requiring the simulation of the pipeline movement under production conditions. In this paper, a modeling of induced forces caused by the internal two-phase slug flow is described, and results from numerical simulations are presented for a steel catenary riser configuration, showing the importance of the internal flow forces on the movements of a production riser.
Resumo-As próximas gerações de sistemas de comunicação sem fio certamente irão incorporar as técnicas MIMO de maneira a propiciar serviços multimídia com altas taxas de transmissão. O protocolo de controle de transmissão (TCP)é geralmente implementado na camada de transporte para garantir comunicação confiável dos dados. Por esta razão, a otimização do desempenho do protocolo TCP para sistemas MIMOé atualmente uma importanteárea de pesquisa. Neste trabalho investigamos diversos esquemas VBLAST codificados, com diferentes eficiências espectrais, de maneira a melhorar o desempenho fim-a-fim do protocolo TCP para aplicações cliente-servidor e peer-to-peer. Avaliamos o desempenho de sete esquemas codificados usando códigos convolucionais com diferentes taxas de codificação e ordem de memória. A melhor estratégia de transmissão para cada valor de relação sinal-ruídoé determinada.
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