Abstract-Gratings with variable periods (chirped gratings) have been fabricated by recording the interference pattern of a collimated laser beam with a converging beam generated by a cylindrical lens. An analysis is presented for the behavior of the chirped gratings as a function of wavelength, the angle between the illuminating beams, the F number of the lens, and its position. To calculate the power radiated into air, the coupled-mode equations are solved for the case of a waveguide with chirped surface corrugation. Experimentally, chirped gratings have been etched on the surface of an optical waveguide and used to couple tight out of the waveguide. It was found that the light was focused outside the waveguide, and the fraction of the power radiated into air compared favorably with the theoretical calculation. The focal point outside the waveguide was found to move by about 1 cm when the wavelength was changed by 500 A-in agreement with theoretical estimates. P

A wavelength-selective beamsplitter has been realized by fabricating chirped (variable period) grating in an optical waveguide. This beamsplitter can demultiplex a signal traveling in a fiber and send each frequency component to a different fiber.

Broad-band grating filters have been fabricated on glass thin-film waveguides and evaluated with a tunable dye laser. Measured and calculated filter responses were found to be in good agreement. Grating filters with bandwidths of 300 and 150 Å, and reflectivities of 18 and 40%, respectively, are reported.

This paper reports on the method of fabrication and first experiments of chirped (variable period) gratings in a dielectric waveguide. Such gratings, which are proposed as a new optical building block, are used in this work as focusing output couplers.

The existence of precursory bulge along an incipient fracture zone in a uniaxially compressed Westerly granite sample has been investigated by two optical methods. The first method is the method of slit diffraction. The cross section of a cylindrical rock sample is monitored by bringing two straightedges next to the rock sample to form two slits (each slit being formed between one straightedge and one side of the rock sample) and by illuminating alternately the two slits with a collimated laser beam. The FraunhoFer diffraction pattern is recorded on film in the direction perpendicular to the straightedge and can be interpreted as the absolute value squared of the one-dimensional spatial Fourier transform of the slit under certain conditions, thereby providing a simple method of magnification of the rock surface geometry. The conditions under which the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern can be interpreted as the absolute value squared of a one-dimensional Fourier transform are related to the radius of the rock sample, width of the slit, position of the recording film plane, and nature of deformation of the rock surface and are presented in this paper. The films are digitized by a microdensitometer. The data are analyzed by digital filtering and interpolation techniques to give a strain resolution of 10-•. During a test with the slit diffraction method, strain inhomogeneities in terms of local bulges indicative of incipient failure zones were found to develop at -92% of the uniaxial compressive strength, and their propagation is traced at 2.66-s intervals until failure. Local strains in the incipient failure zones are of the order of 10-• before failure takes place. Because of the large amplitude of the strain inhomogeneity prior to failure recorded by the slit diffraction method, we then tried the faster method of recording without magnification by a motion picture camera. In the second test a precursory bulge in the middle of the sample first appeared at -3.75 s prior to failure at a load of >99.7% of the uniaxial compressive strength. The bulge developed rapidly in successive frames until eventually a failure plane passed through this sharp bulge. The results from both tests demonstrate the formation of a concentrated weak zone as a result of the interaction and coalescence among the microcracks in the final stage of the test, which then develop into fracture zones. The bulging is the result of accentuated deformation in the weak zone because of its reduced deformation moduli. It is considered that the local bulge and orientation of the fracture zones in the first test were controlled by the stress concentration at the sample-load block interface, whereas those in the second test were controlled mainly by the inhomogeneity in the material properties within the sample. The precursor times of both tests do not fit into the empirical relationship between precursor time and fault dimension as derived from earthquakes and mine rock bursts. The precursor times of these tests are too long by 3 orders of magnitude in compa...