The article shows that dairy farming is one of the most dynamically developing branches of agriculture, existing under the influence of internal and external environments, defined as: compliance with the breed standard, medical standards for milk consumption, increased investment in the industry, its resource potential. On the basis of a retrospective analysis, the evolution of technological structures in dairy cattle breeding in Russia is considered: pre-industrial, collective farming with agricultural mechanization, industrial, intensive technocratic, biotechnological. In addition, on the basis of the organizational and economic analysis of dairy cattle breeding in the Tambov region, the trends of its functioning have been determined: a decrease in the self-sufficiency of the region’s population with milk and dairy products; destructuring of the production sector with an increase in the share of enterprises with low-intensity and extensive milk production; low intensity of reproduction of a herd of cattle; a wide variety of breed composition of dairy cattle. It was found that agricultural enterprises of the region, as a rule, specializing in the development of dairy cattle breeding, choose the direction of organizing a purebred herd with standardized exterior features. This is a fundamentally different way of breeding work from all-Russian trends. On the basis of the research carried out, the priority directions of the development of dairy cattle breeding in an innovation-oriented context are substantiated.

The legitimacy of identifying linguomental categories as a set of concepts and their verbalizing signs (linguistic units), which are characterized by homogeneity based on the commonality of a certain feature, fixing the results of human cognitive activity, has been proven. The identification of the linguomental category of relevance is substantiated, accumulating concepts (mental signs) that are socially significant at a particular historical stage, which are represented by linguistic units that form an active vocabulary of native speakers. The definition of actualema – a mental sign that objectifies the category of relevance is formulated, its features are characterized, including chronological determinism, sociocultural marking, semantic versatility, dynamism. The composition of the actual vocabulary of the modern Russian language is considered. It includes: lexical and semantic neologisms of the last decades, external borrowings, internal borrowing, updated vocabulary, nominally reoriented vocabulary. On the example of the study of the actual concept of charity and the linguistic units verbalizing it, the effectiveness of the linguo-conceptual analysis of the actualeme is shown, which revealed an obvious connection between actual concepts, language and the realities of the outside world, which is relevant both for the scientific sphere and for educational activities.