The birefringence effect caused by spatial dispersion in crystals has been known for more than a hundred years, but until recently it was studied only from the viewpoint of theoretical physics. This article discusses the mathematical description of the effect as well as problems associated with the presence of the effect in modern lithographic optical systems and methods of solving these problems.

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Noncontacting torquemeters calibration is one of the acute tasks currently. Such sensors are widely used in measuring torques and torsional oscillations of elastic shafts of industrial plants and electromechanical systems. Noncontacting torquemeters must be properly calibrated before they are used to measure torque and torsional oscillations of rotating shafts. The paper describes a new approach to solving the task of calibration of noncontacting torquemeters and torsional oscillations meters of elastic shafts. The approach is based on the finite elements method as well as realized in the measuring device-torquemeter. The torquemeter allows to measure little torques and torsional oscillations of elastic shafts of electromechanical complexes.

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