No abstract

Abstract-The country of Iraq has been struggling for the past couple of decades with electricity problems like inability to supply the demand which leads to continuous power outages. This problem could be dangerous on many levels and especially in critical applications where uninterruptable power supply is necessary like hospitals and military bases. The only solution presented is the use of electrical generators. Even though electrical generators are a reliable sources of energy, they seem to have many disadvantages like their reliability on fossil fuel (diesel in particular) and the Green House Gas (GHG) emissions which causes many health issues especially in populated areas where there are to designated areas to place these electrical generators. This health and safety hazard that costs a lot of money and gives little amount of electricity is not a cost-effective solution on the long term; where more maintenance and replacement is required. This paper presents a cost-effective solution by using a hybrid photovoltaic-diesel generator system, which can be used by the civilians and the government to lower the electricity demand and reduce GHG emissions. A hybrid system is proposed for Al-Sadder city to meet the electrical demands with initial costs, net present costs and energy costs are 39 M$, 1.11 M$ and 0.526 $/kWh, respectively. These costs show great promise in this research area and perhaps more developed microsystems in the future could be the real solution to Iraq's electricity problems.

No abstract

The study dealt with some physical and chemical properties of khuweisah I order to Clearfy andhighlight contrast in those properties between two seasons, summerwho represented by (July) andwho represented by winter (January). Also high light contrast on differences among the sites during the same season for the period from (1987–2018).Three samples were chosen for each season in order to explain the differences. By analyzing the results of the properties temperature values are gradually increasing during the summer season due to atmospheric and solar radiation effects. Also showed the results that the values of turbidity had increased during summer seasondue to total suspended materials in the water.The dissolved oxygen concentrations in summer season were high due to increased concentrations of salts in this season, value of (PH) more salty in summer season, moderate during winter. Concentrations of other elements were variable among sites in the same season

The study of different criteria for climatic comfort and its application to school have (21 rooms and two rooms as management rooms, one room to the rest to the teachers, so we find   a library and kitchen and large area and Garden with accept Bulled )  as a virtual temperature provides a scientific material useful in understanding the reality and different levels of comfort, it helps in determining the monthly patterns of the physiological climate, and in the appointment of the best times and places and most suitable for the comfort of the human body ( spicily the student ) for the exploitation and development for tourism purposes.