INTRODUCTIONUrolithiasis represents a major problem met within urological practice.1 it affects 10-12% of the populations, the incidence of calculus diseases is quite variable in relation to age, sex, occupation, geographical locations, season, climate, social class, dietary fluid intake and racial differences are also noted (black people appears to suffer less frequently than white). 2,3 Urinary calculi are the third most common affliction of the urinary tract, exceeded only by UTI and pathological conditions of prostate. 3Renal and ureteral calculi account for more than 87% of the total calculi and 10% in the urinary bladder while ureteral calculi account for about 1.7-3% of all urinary calculi. 5-7Male urethra about 20 cm in length and extends from the neck of the bladder to the external meatus on the glans penis, Male urethra is divided into posterior and anterior urethra, posterior urethra is further divided into 3 parts:• Preprostatic portion; measure up to 1 cm in length and it runs from the bladder neck to the prostate ABSTRACT Background: To evaluate the presentation, management and outcome of patient with urethral calculi in addition to determine the most common type of calculi encountered in those patients and the chemical composition of those calculi to prevent their recurrence. Methods: Sixty-nine patients with urethral calculi, 63 males and six females were included in this study at AlYarmouk teaching hospital, Bagdad, Iraq from April 2016 to April 2017. The diagnosis of urethral calculi was based mainly on the clinical presentation and cystoscopy evaluation in addition to the history, examination and investigations.Results: All together Sixty-nine patients were recruited in this study [63 male (91.3%) and 6 females (8.6%)], regarding sex distributions of patients the largest number of patients with urethral calculi were found in male between 21-40 years old, the most common presenting symptom was dysuria (60.8%), the presentation of pediatric urethral calculi was different (any suspicion of urethral mass on palpation gave high index of suspicion of urethral calculi). Conclusions: Nephrolithiasis especially renal calculi represent a widespread problem, recurrent UTI is one of the leading risk factor in urinary calculi and should be vigorously treated and any case should be in investigated carefully and chemically analysed to prevent further attacks and recurrence in future. Unbalanced diet with poor hygiene especially for the urethral calculi plays an additional role in the pathogenesis of urethra calculi.

No abstract

Background: Urethral stricture (US) is one of the most difficult urological problems to cure adequately and is known to mankind since ages as it had been documented in ancient literature of the Hindus, Egyptians and Greeks and Islamic cultures. The aim of this study is to compare between Ho: YAG (holmium laser) and cold knife direct vision internal urethrotomy for the treatment of short segment urethral stricture regarding efficacy of treatment, operative time and complications.Methods: A prospective study was conducted on a total of 38 male patients with definitive diagnosis of urethral stricture attending the urological outpatient clinic of Al Karama teaching hospital from September 2013 to May 2015. All patients involved agreed to participate in this study.Results: In this study, total number of patients 31 mean age (43.94±11.70). In the holmium group, 16 patients with mean age (42.06±10.43), in cold knife group, 15 patients with mean age (45.93±12.99). Regarding causes of urethral stricture, from total 31 patients 8 patients had infection, 11 traumatic, 10 iatrogenic and 2 unknown (idiopathic), in the holmium 4 patients had infection, 6 traumatic, 4 iatrogenic and one unknown. In cold knife group 4 patients had infection, 5 traumatic, 6 iatrogenic and one was unknown. In holmium group, 12 patients had strictures in anterior segment, 4 patients had it in posterior segment urethra, in cold knife group, there were 10 patients with strictures in anterior segment and 5 patients in posterior segment urethra. The peak flow rates were compared between the two groups pre‑ and post‑operatively at 15 days, 3 months, and 6 months. At day 15 and 3 months, the difference between the means of peak flow rates (PFR) was not statistically significant and was comparable. At 6 months interval, the difference between mean of PFR for holmium and cold knife group was statistically highly significant.Conclusions: Urethral stricture is a disease affecting middle-aged men. Both cold knife and laser urethrotomy are effective method for treatment of short segment urethral stricture. The change in Q-max was observed to be greater with cold knife than with laser with statistical significance at 6 months. Operative time was shorter in cold knife group.

Background: To evaluate tabularized incised plate (TIP) repair for hypospadias which is considered as the gold standard surgery by most surgeons at time being. The study discusses patients' selection, complications, and the outcome.Methods: Between April 2014 and April 2016, 42 boys, 2.5-10 years old (mean 5±1.6), underwent tabularized incised-plate (TIP) urethroplasty for primary hypospadias. The hypospadias defects included 16 distal (coronal or sub coronal), 15 distal penile and 11 mid shaft defects (5 of them were associated with mild chordae). With 3-6 months (mean 4±1.2) follow-up by history, examination and investigation. We considered the operations were successful in patients without any complications after 3 months from the surgery.Results: The success rate was 36 patients (86.7%), complications rate were 6 patients (14.3%). In early complications, we reported 3 patients had wound infection followed by wound dehiscence of glansplasty, and 2 patients had dehiscence of the glansplasty without infection, in late complications we reported one case of meatal stenosis with urethrocutaneous fistula, no cases of urethral stricture or diverticulae were reported.Conclusions: Single-stage repair of distal and midshaft penile hypospadias using tabularized incised-plate urethroplasty with partial degloving is a simple procedure; creates a normal appearing glandular meatus with functional neourethra in normal appearing circumcised penis, with high success and low complication rate in expert hands.