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We detected high levels of IL-1beta, IL-8 and TNF-alpha in patients with UAP during early phase. We suggest that proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1beta,IL-8, TNF-alpha) may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications.

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The pathogenesis of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis is controversial. Various urodynamic studies showed bladder hyperactivity in enuretic children. But the exact cause is not precisely known. The aim of this study was to understand whether the autonomic nervous system dysfunction is involved in this bladder hyperactivity or not. Heart rate variability measurement is widely used for evaluation of cardiac autonomic activity. We evaluated cardiac autonomic nervous system functions in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuretic children by using 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram. The study group consisted of 32 enuretic children (20 boys and 12 girls) and the control group consisted of 20 healthy children (12 boys and 8 girls). In these two growps, we assessed cardiac autonomic regulation by analysis of heart rate variability, and found a significantly higher parasympathetic activity in enuretic children than controls. We suggest that the parasympathetic nervous system hyperactivity plays a role in nocturnal enuresis by causing vesical hyperactivity in monosymptomatic enuretic children. monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis; autonomic nervous regulation; heart rate variability; children

The authors describe a case of pulmonary endarteritis and subsequent embolization to the lungs as a complication of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Although 2-dimensional echocardiography has been shown to be of great value in the diagnosis of patients with infective endocarditis, echocardiographic detection of vegetation within the pulmonary artery and subsequent embolization to the lung is extremely rare and, to our knowledge, has been previously reported only in a few cases. In brief, our case not only shows the importance of echocardiography in making this rare diagnosis but also emphasizes the role of echocardiography as an effective means of following up such a case.