ALP poisoning is a common toxicity in Iran causing high morality. This is a serious health problem in agricultural region where ALP is readily available. Withdrawal of ALP tablet from the market and introduction of safer products as rodenticides and insecticides is recommended.
In December 2019, a new virus called SARS-CoV-2 was reported in China and quickly spread to other parts of the world. The development of SARS-COV-2 vaccines has recently received much attention from numerous researchers. The present study aims to design an effective multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-COV-2 using the reverse vaccinology method. In this regard, structural proteins from SARS-COV-2, including the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, were selected as target antigens for epitope prediction. A total of five helper T lymphocytes (HTL) and five cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes were selected after screening the predicted epitopes for antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity. Subsequently, the selected HTL and CTL epitopes were fused via flexible linkers. Next, the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) as an adjuvant was linked to the N-terminal of the chimeric structure. The proposed vaccine was analyzed for the properties of physicochemical, antigenicity, and allergenicity. The 3D model of the vaccine construct was predicted and docked with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to evaluate the stable interactions between the vaccine construct and TLR4. The immune simulation was also conducted to explore the immune responses induced by the vaccine. Finally,
in silico
cloning of the vaccine construct into the pET-28 (+) vector was conducted. The results obtained from all bioinformatics analysis stages were satisfactory; however,
in vitro
and
in vivo
tests are essential to validate these results.
This study is the first report on HCV genotypes among Iranian subjects with different exposure categories resided in Mazandaran, where genotype 3a was found to be the most frequent genotype in thalassemia, hemophilia, and hemodialysis patients but not in IDAs. Since the addiction age is decreasing in Iran and a lot of addicts are IDAs, it might change the subtype pattern of HCV in general population.
Cytokines gene polymorphisms have been implicated in susceptibility to ischemic stroke. This study aims to determine the influence of the polymorphism within the intron 2 of the interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene on the susceptibility to stroke. A variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in intron 2 of the IL-1Ra gene was analyzed in 148 patients with stroke and 161 healthy volunteers from the same area. The carriage rate of allele 2 of IL-1Ra gene, low producer, was significantly higher in patients with stroke compared to the controls (29% vs 21% p = 0.02). Frequency of IL1RN1/IL1RN1 genotype in the patients was significantly lower than the controls (49% vs 66% p = 0.003). The distribution of homozygous genotypes of IL1RN2 was not different between the controls and stroke patients while the heterozygous genotype was more frequent among the patients. (39% vs 25%, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individuals who carry allele 2 for IL-1Ra gene had a significantly higher risk for ischemic stroke with an odds ratio of 2.48 (95% CI, 1.67, 3.51, p = 0.006). These data suggest that allele 2 of the IL-1Ra intron 2 gene represents a susceptibility factor in the development of ischemic stroke.
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